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U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research

Visit PD&R’s website www.hud.gov/policy or www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Onullce onullPolicy Developnullnt and Research nullD&Rnull Other services onullHUD UnullRnullPD&R’s Research and nullnullrnulltion nullrvicenullinclude listservsnullspecial interest and binullnthly publications nullest practicesnullsignificant studies nullonullother sourcesnull access to public use databasesnulland a hotline nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull nullr help with accessing the innullrnulltion you need.

Prepared for: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research Prepared by: Planmatics, Inc. Lalith de Silva nullesh nullnullnullrdena Abt Associates Inc. nullchelle nullod nulllbul nullul February 2011

i nulle Evaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Prospective Study has benefited from the input and support of a large number of people. nulle authors gratefully acnullonulledge all those people nullo contributed to the results and assisted in completing this nullrnull the staff of the public housing authorities nullHnullnullnullo graciously participated in the study data collection during the nullyear period of the studynullthe tnull nullntracting Officer nullchnical Representativesnullnullnnifer Stoloff and nullhanull Robinson nullhnsnullnullo directed the study and provided guidancenullLydia nullghavinullfor providing Public Housing nullformation nullnter system datanulland other U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developmentnull Office of Policy Development and Research staff members for providing technical oversight for the study. nullis report nulls a collaborative effort by the staff of Planmaticsnullnullc.nulland a subcontracting partnernullnullt nullsociates nullc. Several staff members at Planmatics and nullt nullsociates played important roles in this pronullct. null PlanmaticsnullPahl nullnn and Richard nullsin conducted indepth intervienull nullth nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullcoordinators. nulltia Dahernull nullenburg conducted telephone intervienull nullth the sample of nullS families and casenullrnullrs in the tracnullng sites. null nullt nullsociatesnullnullll nulladduri provided technical guidance and oversight throughout all phases of the pronullct. nullP. Srinath developed the sampling approach to select the nationally representative sample of nullS programs. Daniel nullbitsnullnulln Lamnulland nullistofer Price provided technical guidance for the regression analysis to enullmine participant and program characteristics associated nullth successful completion of nullS. nulle study benefited from the participation of nullS coordinators in the nullnullPHnull. nulleir collaboration made the results rich. nulle authors also acnullonulledge the efforts of nullS coordinators at the follonullng four sites nullo provided invaluable information and assistancenullboth during visits to their locations and throughout the duration of the study: nullncy Scull and staff of the Housing Opportunities nullmmission in nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnulllly Dianulland staff of the Orange nullunty nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullnullenulls nulllla and staff of the Riverside nullunty nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynulland Rebecca Stancil and staff of the nullssoula nullontananullHousing nullthority. nulle authors also thannullnullS coordinators and case managers assigned to the sample nullS families at thenull tracnullng sites for their continuous support over a span of nullyearsnullthey helped achieve high response rates in the data collection tasnull. nulley have been enullremely cooperative and patient in providing annual updates of pertinent information on the families and sharing their insights on the progress made by the families tonullrd achieving selfnullufficiency during the successive rounds of telephone intervienull during the course of the evaluation: nullty of nullesno nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynull nullunty of nullntra nullsta nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullRiverside nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullOrange nullunty nullalifornianullHousing nullthoritynullDenver nulloloradonullHousing nullthoritynullnullcnullonville nullloridanullHousing nullthoritynull Rocnullord nullllinoisnullHousing nullthoritynullnullchita nullansasnullHousing nullthoritynullHousing Opportunities nullmmission of nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnulland Rapids nullichigannullHousing nullmmissionnullnullssoula nullontananullHousing nullthor null itynullnullnullnullrnullnullty nullenullnullrnull Housing nullthoritynullnullncinnati nullhionullnulltropolitan Housing nullthoritynulland the nullron nullhionullnulltropolitan Housing nullthority.

ii nulle nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullprogram nulls established by Section nullnullof the nullanstonnullonnulllenullnulltional nullford null able Housing nullt of nullnull to help residents of public housing and participants in the Housing nulloice nullucher program become selfnullufficient through educationnulltrainingnullcase managementnulland other supportive services. nulle Evaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Prospective Study is the second of three studies on the nullS program by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development nullUDnull nulle first nullS studynull Evaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Retrospective Analysis, 1996 to 2000 nulls completed in nullnull. nulle nullnull study found that most nullS participants did better financially than nonnullSS participants. nulle current studynull Evaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Program: Prospective Study nulls conducted from nullnull through nullnull. nullis study enullmined programmatic features and family characteristics that appear to innullence the success of families participating in the nullS program. null also includes a description of nullS operationsnullpoliciesnulland approaches in a representative sample of nullnullpublic housing authorities nullHnullnull nullis study finds that the financial benefits are substantial for participants nullo remain in and graduate from the nullS pronull gram. nulle study also highlights certain personal and program characteristics that tend to manull families more successful in nullS. nullor enullmplenullthose nullth higher levels of education at enrollment did better.nullnullese findings suggest approaches that program administrators can tanull to target nullS services more effectively. nulle Office of Policy Development and Research nullDnullnullnullll launch tnull additional nullSnullelated efforts in fiscal year nullnull. nulle first effort nullll enullmine nullether study participants nullo nullre still enrolled nullen the prospective study ended nullnt on to graduate from the nullS program and nullether they met their goals for financial selfnullufficiency. nulle second effort nullll launch the third installment of the evaluations of nullS evaluationnull The Family Self-Sufficiency Program Demonstration. nullis random assignment demonstration is designed to evaluate nullether the benefits that nullS program participants ennully nullnullmples include income gainnullsavingsnulleducational attainmentnulland economic improvementnullcannull nullth certaintynullbe attributed to the effectiveness of the nullS program. nullese findings nullll be of great interest to both policymanullrs and program advocates and it is a privilege to present them to the public. Raphael null nullstic nullsistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research

iii Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................................................vii Study Overvienull ....................................................................................................................................................vii nullS Program ..............................................................................................................................................................viii nullS Services and nullse nullnagement ...................................................................................................................viii nullharacteristics of the nullracnulling Study Participants................................................................................................inull nullS Outcomes ..............................................................................................................................................................inull nulladuates and Other nulliters ..................................................................................................................................inull Participants Still nullnrolled in nullSS at the nullnd of the Study Period .......................................................................... null Summary of nullndings ............................................................................................................................................. null Chapter 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... null nullnull nullcnullround and nullntenull of the nullS Program ........................................................................................................ null nullnull Purpose of the Study and the nullnal Report ............................................................................................................. null Sampling Plan ......................................................................................................................................................... null Data Sources and nullmeframe ................................................................................................................................. null nullnull Organinulltion and nullntents of nullis Report ............................................................................................................. null Chapter 2. FSS Programs .................................................................................................................................................. null nullnull Profile of nullS Programs ......................................................................................................................................... null Program nulle and Sinull ............................................................................................................................................ null Program nullals ........................................................................................................................................................ null Services Provided by nullS ....................................................................................................................................... null nullS nullordinator ..................................................................................................................................................... null nullse nullnagement in the nullacnullng Sites ................................................................................................................ null Local nullonomic nullnditions and nullanges Over nullme ........................................................................................... null nullallenges to nullS ................................................................................................................................................. null nullnull nullS Participants ................................................................................................................................................... null Chapter 3. Tracking Study Programs and Participants ............................................................................................... null nullS Programs in the nullacnullng Study .................................................................................................................... null nullharacteristics of the nullracnulling nullroup at nullnrollment ........................................................................................... null nullomparing the nullracnulling nullroup nullith the Sample of nullSS nullnrollees .................................................................... null nullaracteristics of the nullacnullng nulloup .................................................................................................................. null Chapter 4. FSS Tracking Group Program Experience ................................................................................................ null nullnull nullnal Outcomes Observed for the nullacnullng nulloup Participants .......................................................................... null nullmulative Probability Plot ................................................................................................................................. null Reasons for Leaving the nullS Program ................................................................................................................. null

iv nullnull nullmparing nullS nulladuatesnullOther nullitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Participants ......................................................... null nullployment .......................................................................................................................................................... null Household nullcome ................................................................................................................................................ null nullS Program nullalsnullnullterim nulllestonesnulland nullse nullnager nullsessments .......................................................... null Services nulleded and Received ............................................................................................................................. null nullscronull nullccount ................................................................................................................................................... null nullterim nullthdranullls ............................................................................................................................................. null nullscronull nullccount nullompared nullith Other Savings Programs ................................................................................. null Prospects for nullmpleting nullS nullong the Stillnullnrolled Participants ................................................................ null Chapter 5. FSS Program Models and Program Success .............................................................................................. null nullnull Hypothesinulld nullfects ............................................................................................................................................ null nullnull nullethodology of nullompeting Risnull Hanullard nullnalysis and nullodel Results .............................................................. null nullnull Discussion of nullndings ......................................................................................................................................... null Summary of nullndings ........................................................................................................................................... null Chapter 6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... null nullcronull .................................................................................................................................................................. null nullS Outcomes ...................................................................................................................................................... null Reasons for Leaving nullS ..................................................................................................................................... null nullse nullnagement ................................................................................................................................................ null Appendix A. Timeline of Evaluation Activities Completed ......................................................................................... null Appendix B. Data Sources ............................................................................................................................................... null Appendix C. Sampled PHAs and Replacement Sites, Year 1 ...................................................................................... null Appendix D. FSS Program Tenure and Services Offered, Tracking Sites ................................................................. null Appendix E. FSS Participant Count by Site and Data Source, 2005–09 (181 Participants) ..................................... null Appendix F. FSS Tracking Group Data ......................................................................................................................... null Appendix G. Tabulations of PIC Data for FSS Participants in the Sample PHAs and the Original Tracking Sites ............................................................................................................................................ null

v nullble null PHnull Selected as nullacnullng Sites in nullnull ........................................................................................................... null nullble null Sources of Data for the nullnal Report ................................................................................................................... null nullble null nullse nullnager nullnurenullPrevious nullrnullnullperiencenulland nullS nullseload Sinull ...................................................... null nullble null nullS Participants by Report nullpenullepresentative Sample .............................................................................. null nullble null Demographic nullaracteristics of nullS Participants nullmpared nullth nullnnullSSnullnullnelderlynullnullndisabled nullucher Participants .......................................................................................................................................... null nullble null nullS Participant nullcome ..................................................................................................................................... null nullble null PHnull and nullS Participants in the Study ........................................................................................................... null nullble null Sinulle of the nullSS Program: nullracnulling Sites nullompared nullith Representative Sample of nullSS Programs .............. null nullble null nullSS Program Staffing and nullase nullanagement: nullracnulling Sites nullompared nullith Other nullSS Programs ............. null nullble null. nullmparing nullS Participants in null nullacnullng Sites and the null nullS Programs nullth the nullacnullng nulloup Participants......................................................................................................................................................... null nullble null. Reported nullcome Sources for nullacnullng nulloup Participants in the nullar of nullrollment ..................................... null nullble null. nullracnulling nullroup Participants: nullmployment Status in the nullear of nullnrollment in nullSS ...................................... null nullble null. nullnullSP nulloals at the nullime of nullSS nullnrollment for the nullracnulling nullroup ................................................................ null nullble null. Service nulleeds Reported by nullracnulling nullroup Participants in the nullear of nullnrollment in nullSS ........................... null nullble null. nullase nullanager Perceptions of Prospects for Participant Success in the nullear of nullnrollment in nullSS ................ null nullble null. nullse nullnager Perceptions of nullrriers to nullntract nullmpletion in the nullar of nullrollment in the nullS nullacnullng nulloup .................................................................................................................................................. null nullble null. nullSS Program Status of Study Participants by nullear of nullnrollment ................................................................... null nullble null. Reasons for Leaving the nullS Program and nullcronullnulllances for Program nulliters .......................................... null nullble null. nullomparing Stillnullnullnrolled nullSS Participants nullith nullnulliters and nullraduates ......................................................... null nullble null. nullployment Status of nullS nulladuatesnullOther nullitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Participants ...................................... null nullble null. nullployment Status of Stillnullnrolled nullS Participants ..................................................................................... null nullble null. nullerage nullenully Hours nullrnulld and nullerage Hourly nullge for nullstly nullployed nulloup ............................. null nullble null. nullerage nullenully Hours nullrnulld and nullerage Hourly nullge for nullstly nullployed nulloup nullnullof the null Stillnullnrolled Participantsnull .......................................................................................................... null nullble null. Proportion of nullostly nullmployed nullnullnull of the nullnull Stillnullnullnrolled Participantsnull nullroup Reporting nullringe nullenefits... null nullble null. Proportion of nullstly nullployed nulloup Reporting nullinge nullnefits .................................................................. null nullable null. nullverage nullnual Household nullcome for nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the Stillnullnrolled Participants at Program nullrollment and nulld of the nullracnullng Period ...................................................................................................... null nullable null. Selected Sources of nullcome for Stillnullnrolled nullS Participants ...................................................................... null

vi nullable null. Selected Sources of nullcome for nullS nulladuates and nulliters ............................................................................. null nullable null. nulldividual nullals nulltablished in the nullirst nullear of the nullS Program ................................................................... null nullable null. nulllestones nulltained in nullnull or the Last nullear of nullS Program Participation .................................................... null nullable null. nullse nullnager nullsessment of Potential for nullS Program nullmpletion ............................................................. null nullable null. Service nulleds nullentified at nullime of nullS Program nulltry .................................................................................. null nullable null. Service nulleds and Service Receipt at nullime of nullS Program nulltry and in nullnull for nulltive Participants ........ null nullable null. Service nulleds and Service Receipt at nullime of nullS Program nulltry and in nullnull for nulladuates ...................... null nullable null. Service nulleds and Service Receipt at nullime of nullS Program nulltry and in nullnull for nulliters ........................... null nullable null. nullcronullnulllance for nullS nullracnullng Study Participants ....................................................................................... null nullable null. nullcronullnullcount nulllance at the nulld of the nullracnullng Period for the null Stillnullnrolled nullS Participants .......... null nullable null. nullanges in nullcronullnullcount nulllances for nullS Participants nullith Positive nullcronull as of September nullnull nulln nullnull Dollarsnull ............................................................................................................................................... null nullable null. nullding nullcronullnulllancenullby nullployment Status and nullcome at Program Start for nulltive nullS Participants nullith nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater nullan nullnullnull ........................................................................................ null nullable null. nullding nullcronullnulllancenullby nullployment Status and nullcome at nullS Program Start for nulladuates nullith nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater nullan nullnullnull ................................................................................................. null nullable null. nullding nullcronullnulllancenullby nullployment Status and nullcome at nullS Program Start for Other nulliters nullith nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater nullan nullnullnull ................................................................................................. null nullable null. nullnual Household nullcome for nullployment and nullcronullnulloups for nulltive nullS Participants nulln nullnull Dollarsnull ............................................................................................................................................... null nullable null. nullployment nullperiences and nullding nullcronullStatus ....................................................................................... null nullable null. nullverage nullnual Household nullcome by nullployment and nullcronullnulloups nulln nullnull Dollarsnull ........................... null nullable null. Hypothesinulled nullffects of nullSS Participant and Program nullharacteristics on nullraduation vs. Unsuccessful nullnullit ..... null nullable null. Descriptive Statistics for the nulldependent nullariables for the nullS Program nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the Stillnullnrolled Participants ................................................................................................................................. null nullable null. Subhanullrd Ratios of the nullefficient nulltimates in the nullmpeting Risnullnulldels ............................................... null

vii Abstract of Findings nulle Evaluation of FSS Program: Prospective Study enullmined nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullprogram characteristics in a representative sample of nullnullhousing agencies. nulle study also follonulld a group of nullnullnullS participants in null programsnullobserving their nullS enulleriences and outcomes. nullter nullyears in the nullS programnullnull percent of the study participants completed program renullirements and graduated from nullS. nullen the study endednullnull percent had left the program nullthout graduating and null percent nullre still enrolled in nullS. Program graduates nullre more linullly to be employed than other enullters or the stillnullnrolled participants. Program graduates also had higher incomesnullboth nullen they enrolled in nullS and nullen they completed the programnullthan participants nullth other outcomes. Staying employed and increasing their earned incomes helped graduates to accumulate substantial savings in the nullS escronull account. nulle average escronullaccount balance nulls nullnullnull for program graduatesnullrepresenting about null percent of their average household income at the time of program enrollment. nulle nullmily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnullprogram nulls established by Section nullnullof the nullanstonnullonnulllenullnulltional nullford null able Housing nullt of nullnull to help residents of public housing and participants in the Housing nulloice nullucher nullnullnull program become selfnullufficient through educationnulltrainingnullcase managementnulland other supportive services. nullS programs are administered by public housing authorities nullHnullnullin conformance nullth U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development nullUDnullregulations nullnullnullnullnull. nullmilies that volunteer to participate in nullS sign a nullyear contract of participation nullOPnullnullth the PHnullthat specifies the steps both the family and the PHnullnullll tanull to move the family tonullrd economic independence. nulle nullS program has three primary componentsnullhe escronullaccountnullcase managementnulland referrals to supportive servicesnullthat nullrnulltogether to help families build assets and manull progress tonullrd selfnullufficiency. nullrough the use of nullS escronullaccountsnullthe program offers families the opportunity to save money and an incentive to increase nullrnulleffort and earnings. nulle escronullbalance is established nullen a participantnull earned income increasesnullresulting in increases in the tenantnull monthly contribution to rent. null escronullcreditnullcalculated by the PHnullbased on increases in earned incomenullis deposited each month into interestnullearing accounts managed by the PHnull nullmilies that successfully complete the nullS program receive their accrued nullS escronullfunds plus interest. null formal restrictions enullst on the use of the escronulld fundsnullbut many families use the funds to help nullth the purchase of a homenulldebt reductionnullor postsec null ondary education or to start a nenullbusiness. nullis report presents the final analysis of a prospective study of the nullS program for families that use Hnulls. nulle study enullmined programmatic features and family characteristics that appear to innullence the success of families in completing nullS program renullirements. nulle analysis is based on a sample of nullnullnullS participants in null programs nullo nullre tracnulld for nullyears after they enrolled in the program. nulle analysis also includes a description of nullS operationsnull policiesnulland approaches in a representative sample of nullnullPHnull. Study Overview nulle evaluation focuses on the follonullng research nullestions: nullnullnullat is the nature of nullS programs that PHnull operatenull nullnullnullat are the outcomes enullerienced by a group of participants from program enrollment until nullyears laternullnullnullnullat program features are associated nullth successful outcomes for program participantsnull null nullnullnullHUD contracted nullth Planmaticsnullnullc.nulland nullt nullsociates nullc. to design and implement the study. nulle team selected a representative sample of nullnullPHnull in the first year and collected information from nullS coordinators in nullnull. nulltracnullng study nulls conducted in a subsample of null sitesnulleach selected on the basis of having betnullen null and null

viii families nenully enrolled in nullS during the third and fourth nullarters of nullnull. nulltogethernullnullnullnullS participants from the null sites nullre included in the tracnullng study. nullese families are referred to throughout the report as the nullracnullng groupnull or as nullracnullng study participants.nullnullery yearnullcase managers assigned to each family in the tracnullng group provided information about the familynull employment statusnullhousehold incomenullprogress in achieving nullS goalsnullescronullaccountnull and services received through nullS. nulle case managers provided this information from nullitten participant checnullists and from telephone intervienull nullth the research team. nullministrative data from HUDnull Public and nulldian Housing nullforma null tion nullnter system nullnullnullnullre also collected annually for the tracnullng group to provide additional information about participant characteristics and changes over time. nulle evaluation also included site visits to four nullS programs and telephone intervienull nullth a small number of nullS participants to learn more about their enulleriences nullth the program. FSS Program nullre than null percent of the sampled programs had operated at least null years as of nullnullnulland only four had operated for fenullr than nullyears. null of nullnullnullnullnullnull Hnull participants nullre enrolled in nullS programs. nulle average nullS participant nulls null years oldnullnullth an annual income of nullnullnullnull null the time of the nullnull intervienull nullth nullS coordinatorsnullnearly onenullalf of the coordinators enullected their programs to gronullduring the coming year. Onenullalf of the coordinators said their programs nullre already operating at full capacity and unable to tanull on more participants. nulle programs in the null tracnullng sites remained stable during the study periodnull although one program closed. FSS Services and Case Management nullS programs provide access to a range of supportive servicesnullprimarily through referrals to local service providers. nullse management is an integral component of the nullS program. null most programsnullnullS case managers are PHnullstaff. nulley conduct needs assessmentsnulldevelop the nulldividual nullaining and Services Plannulland refer participants to other providers to receive educationnullemployment assistancenullcounselingnullchildcarenulland other supportive services. null many nullS programsnullPHnullstaffs also provide homeonullership counseling and financial literacy training. null most programsnull PHnullstaffs provide training and information about the escronullaccount. nully designnull the nullnull programs in the tracnulling study nullere larger than the average nullSS program. nullhe tracnulling study programs had a median of nullnullnullS participants compared nullth a median of nullnullparticipants in the larger sample of nullS programs. nulle selection nulls intentionally focused on nullS programs that nullre nulllling to participate in the study and that had up to null recent nullS enrollees in the first nullmonths of the tracnullng study. nullcause the programs are largernullthe tracnullng sites also had more staff in nullnullnullthree fullnullime employees nullnullsnullcompared nullth tnull nullnullnulland had larger average nullS caseloads per case managernullnullnullnullnull cases per manager compared nullith nullnull. null slightly higher proportion of the tracnulling sites compared nullth the full sample of nullnullPHnull received nullS coordinator funding through the annual competitive anullrd process null in nullnullnullnull. nulllthough the tracnulling sites have larger nullSS programsnull a nulley feature of case managementnullfrenulluency of meetings nullth participantsnullas similar to other nullS programs at the time of the nullnull intervienull. nullre than null percent of programs overall and in the tracnullng group said that case managers meet nullth nullS participants at least nullarterly. null factnullin more than null percent of the tracnullng sites and in more than onenullalf of the representative sample of nullS programsnullcase managers met nullth nullS participants monthly or more frenullently nullnullpercent in the tracnullng sites and null percent in the sample programsnull nullusnulldespite the larger sinull of nullS programs in the tracnullng sitesnullit appears the intensity of the case management provided is similar to the representative sample of nullS programs. null nullnullnullat the beginning of the tracnullng periodnullnull case managers nullre associated nullth the nullnullfamilies in the tracnullng study. During the nenull nullyearsnullnullnullfamilies remained nullth the same case managernulland null changed case managers. null HUD does not provide funding for the nullS programnullhonullvernullfor the Hnull programnulllimited funding is available to support nullS coordinators through an annual competitive nulltice of nullnds nullailability nullOnullnullprocess.

ix nulltogethernullnull case managers nullo nullrnulld nullth the families nullre intervienulld in the study. nulle case managers in the study had nullrnulld in the nullS program an average of nullyears and had even longer tenure nullth the housing agency. Some case managers had nullrnulld for the housing agency for more than null years. nullst case managers had prior enullerience in case management or social nullrnull but some had other types of enulleriencenullsuch as property management. Characteristics of the Tracking Study Participants nullar the time of enrollment in nullSnullthe average tracnullng group participant nulls null years oldnullfemalenullnullth an annual income of nullnullnullnull nullst tracnullng group participants nullnullpercentnullnullre nullrnullng nullen they nullined the nullS programnulland soon after nullS enrollmentnullthe case managers pronullcted that most tracnullng group participants nulluld eventually complete the nullS program. nulln the year the tracnulling group nulloined nullSSnull the median annual household income nullas nullnullnullnullnullnullnull compared nullith nullnullnullnullnullnullnull for nullSS participants in the full sample of nullnullPHnull. null additionnulla larger share of the tracnullng group nulls employed nullnullpercentnull compared nullth enrollees in the full sample of nullS programs nullnullpercentnull nullmpared nullth nullS enrollees in the full sample groupnulla smaller proportion of tracnullng study participants completed less than a high school educationnulland a larger proportion completed some college or had graduated from college. nullmparing the characteristics of the tracnullng study participants nullth the entire sample of nullS participants shonull thatnullat the time of enrollment in nullSnullthe average tracnullng group participant nulls slightly more advantaged than the typical nullS participant. FSS Outcomes Graduates and Other Exiters null the end of the study periodnullappronullmately nullyears after enrolling in nullSnull ƒ null nullnullpercent of the tracnullng groupnullnullS participants had graduated from the program and received their escronull ƒ null nullnullpercentnullparticipants left the program before graduatingnullforfeiting their escronull ƒ null participants nullnullpercentnullnullre still enrolled in the nullS program. Of the participantsnullnull nullre dropped from the tracnullng group in nullnull because the nullS program at the nullnullnullrnullnullty Housing nullthority nulls discontinued. Staying employed and increasing incomes helped graduates accumulate escronull balances in enulless of nullnullnull by the time they graduated. nulle average escronullbalance at the time of graduation nulls about nullnullnull. nullis amount is more than tnullce the average escronullaccount balance for enullters at the time they left the program nullnullnullnull. Of participants in the studynullnull percent left nullS before completing the nullP. nulley are referred to as nullnulltersnullor nullther enulltersnullthroughout the report. nullout onenullalf nullnullparticipantsnullof the participants nullo left nullre dropped from the program because they did not comply nullth nullS rules or lost their voucher assistancenullmostly for reasons such as violat null ing Hnull rules or failing to communicate nullth their nullS case manager. nullong those nullo voluntarily left the programnull about onenullhird nullnullparticipantsnullchose to leave because family and nullrnullobligations made it difficult to sustain contact nullth the case manager. Other participants left nullS nullen they movednullone participant left the voucher program because her income increased nullen she marriednulland three other participants left the voucher program voluntarily for unspecified reasons. nulle average annual income for nullS graduates increased from nullnullnullnullin the first tracnullng year to nullnullnullnullin the gradu null ation year. nulle average annual income for nullS enullters also increased but by a much smaller marginnullfrom about nullnullnullnull in the first tracnullng year to nullnullnullnullin the year they left the program. nullst program graduates nullre employed at nullS program entry and remained employed for most of the time they spent in the program. Of the graduatesnullnull percent nullre mostly employed during the tracnullng period compared nullth null percent of the other enullters.

x Honulldo graduates compare nullth other enulltersnullnullhigher proportion of nullS graduates nullre employed at the beginning of the tracnullng period than nullre enulltersnulland graduates started out in nullS nullth higher incomes on average than did other enullters. nullthough their household sinulls and number of dependents nullre similarnullenullters had completed fenullr years of education than had graduates. nulladuates also spent slightly more time in nullSnullabout four months longernullthan had other enullters. nulln enullploratory competing risnull multivariate regression analysis of characteristics associated nullith nullSS graduation shonulled thatnullholding other participant characteristics constantnullparticipants nullth a high school diploma around the time of program enrollment are about tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diploma or enullivalent. nullis statistically significant result does not holdnullhonullvernullnullen program characteristics are also tanulln into account. Participants Still Enrolled in FSS at the End of the Study Period nullarly null percent of the tracnullng study participants nullre still enrolled in nullS nullen the study ended. nullS participants are allonulld up to nullyears to complete the nullPnulland this study did not cover the entire nullyear period. nullalysis of participantsnullcharacteristics at the time of program entry and consenullent enulleriences in the nullS program shonullthat the stillnullnrolled participantsnull ƒ Had larger households than either nullS graduates or enullters. ƒ Resembled program graduates for educational attainment. ƒ Had annual household incomes that nullre higher than enullters but lonullr than nullS graduatesnullboth at program entry and at the end of the study period. ƒ Sanulltheir annual household incomes increase during the tracnullng period by null percent. ƒ nullre either mostly employed nullnullof the nullnullthroughout the tracnullng period or mostly unemployed nullnullof the nullnull null additionnullmost nullnullpercentnullof the stillnullnrolled participants had positive escronullaccount balances at the end of the studynullaveraging nullnullnull. nullsed on case managers assessments and the participantsnullemployment enullerience during the tracnullng periodnullescronullaccount balancesnulland predictors of graduationnullthe study concludes that more than onenullalf nullnull of the nullnullof the participants still enrolled in nullS are on a path tonullrd successful completion of the nullS program. null sumnullthis study suggests that the potential benefits to remaining in and graduating from the nullS programnullfor escronull savingsnullare substantial. Understanding the personal and program characteristics that allonullfamilies to be successful in nullSnullhat isnullto remain in the program and accrue savingsnullay suggest approaches that program administrators can tanull to target nullS services more effectively in the future and nullrnullthrough case managers and service providers to address the barriers that can nullopardinull a participantnull success. Summary of Findings ƒ null the end of almost nullyears of participation in the nullS programnull null nullarly onenullourth of the participants had graduated from the program. null nullre than onenullhird left the program nullthout completing their nullS contract. ƒ Household sinull and number of dependents for graduates and other enullters nullre not very different. Stillnullnrolled participants had larger households and more dependents nulleasured around the time of enrollment in nullSnullthan either nullS graduates or other enullters. ƒ nullraduates had more years of schooling than enulliters nullmeasured around the time of enrollmentnull. Stillnullenrolled participants resemble graduates for educational attainment.

xi ƒ nulladuates also had higher incomes than other enullters and stillnullnrolled participants nullt the time of enrollmentnull and a greater proportion nullre employed nulloth at the time of enrollment and throughout the tracnullng periodnull Stillnullnrolled participants sanulltheir annual household incomes increase during the tracnullng period by null percent. Stillnullnrolled participants nullre either mostly employed nullnullof the nullnullthroughout the tracnullng period or mostly unemployed nullnullof the nullnull ƒ nulladuates spentnullon averagenullfour months longer in the program than other enullters nullo nullre linullly to drop out of the program after nullyears or less. ƒ nulle average escronullbalance at the time of graduation nulls about nullnullnullnullnullich is more than tnullce the balance for enullters nullnullnullnull. Of the stillnullnrolled participantsnullnull percent had positive escronullaccount balancesnullaveraging nullnullnull. ƒ null the fourth year of program participation in nullnullnullmore than null percent of the stillnullnrolled participants enullressed a service need in most service categories nullre receiving the renullested services. nullmpared nullth service receipt at program startnullhigher shares of graduates and enullters nullre receiving needed services in their final year of program participation. ƒ nullsed on case managers assessmentsnullemployment enullerience during the tracnullng periodnullescronullaccount balancesnull and factors associated nullth graduationnullthe study concludes that more than onenullalf nullnullof the nullnullof participants still enrolled in nullS are on a path tonullrd successful completion of the nullS program.

1 null September nullnullnullHUD PDnull commissioned a nullyear prospective study of the nullS programnullfocusing on nullS programs serving Hnull recipients. nullis report provides a final assessment of the enulleriences of a representative sample of nullS participants that enrolled in nullnull and nullnull. nulle tracnullng period covered betnullen nullnullto nullyears and about null percent of the original participants nullre still enrolled at the end of the period. nulle study enulllores nullS program opera null tionsnullprovided servicesnulland participant outcomes. nulle study also enullmines the relationship betnullen participantsnull characteristicsnullnullS programmatic featuresnulland nullS program outcomes. nullapter nullprovides an overvienullof the nullS programnullthe purpose of the evaluation studynullthe research methods usednull and a description of the evaluation activities that nullS programs completed in the past nullyears. nullnullnullckground and Context of the FSS Program nulle nullS program is a federal assetnulluilding program designed to encourage employment. nullS nulls established by Section nullnullof the nullanstonnullonnulllenullnulltional nullfordable Housing nullt of nullnull to help lonullr income families in public housing and the Hnull program to become selfnullufficient through referrals to educationnulltrainingnullcase managementnulland other supportive services. null additionnullthe lanullnulls enacted to reduce dependency of lonullincome families on nulllfare as null sistance and housing subsidies. null nullS programs are administered locally by PHnull that typically nullrnullin partnership nullth local community service providers to develop comprehensive programs that provide families nullth supportive servicesnull counselingnulleducationnulland nullb training. nulle purpose of the partnership is to give families the snulllls and enullerience they need to obtain employment that pays a living nullge. nullch PHnullthat received nenullfunding for Hnulls from nullnull through nullnull nulls renullired to operate an nullS program. nulle number of nenullvouchers receivednullunless HUD approved the PHnullto operate a smaller nullS programnulldetermined the minimum sinull for these mandatory programs. nullter the enactment of the nullality Housing and nullrnullResponsibility nullt nullHnullnull of nullnullnullPHnull no longer had a nullS obligation nullth nenullvoucher funding. nullnullnullstipulated of a PHnull nullS programnull minimum sinull could decrease as program families graduated. nullose PHnull that nullre not renullired to operate a nullS program could operate a voluntary nullS program or a nullS program that enulleeded the renullired sinullnullnullth HUD approval. nullthough HUD does not fund nullS services it does appropriate funds to help PHnull cover the costs of nullS coordinators. HUD anullrds these funds annually on a competitive basis. nullch nullS program is renullired to implement a HUDnullpproved action plan. nullis plan outlines the PHnulls policies and procedures for operating the nullS programnull anticipates the supportive service needs of families enullected to participatenull and estimates the number of eligible families enullected to participate in nullS. null additionnulleach PHnullis renullired to establish a Program nullordinating nullmmittee nullnullnull nullose function is to assist the PHnullin securing the resources needed to provide supportive services to nullS participants. nullese coordinating committees typically are composed of local government representativesnullschool district officialsnullsocial service agenciesnull nulllfare agency representativesnulland representatives of private social service organinulltions. nulle success of the nullS program depends on the development and retention of viable and enullensive partnerships nullth public and private sectors because federal funds are enulllusively used to fund nullS coordinators. Family Selection Procedures— null be eligible for nullSnullprogram applicants must be enrolled in the Housing nulloice nullucher Program and in compliance nullth program renullirements. Participation in nullS is voluntary and the program is intended for family heads nullo are nulllling to seenulland maintain employment and are at least null years of age. null Public Lanullnullnullnullnull nullvember nullnullnullnull. See introduction to the lanull

Unknown

2 Outreach Efforts— PHnull use several methods to inform potential participants and to recruit them for the program: promotional materials are distributed to enullsting residents and applicants nearly completing the leasenullp processnull dissemination of nullS brochures is made to public and nonprofit partner agenciesnullnotices are placed in nenullletters sent to Hnull residentsnullpresentations are made at PHnulls group recertification meetingsnulland some PHnullnullbsites include a linnullto the nullS program. nullrd of mouth referrals from friends and relatives are another important source of nullS participants. FSS Activities and Supportive Services— nulle nullS program has three primary componentsnullscronullaccountsnull case managementnulland referral to supportive servicesnullnullich nullrnulltogether to help families build assets and manull progress tonullrd selfnullufficiency. nullrough the use of nullS escronullaccountsnullthe program gives families the opportunity to save moneynullbuild assetsnulland the incentive to increase nullrnulleffort and earnings. nullst families receiving housing assistance pay null percent of their adnullsted income for rent and utilities. null the incomes of nullS participants risenulltheir rents increase. nullthough participants have to pay a higher rentnullthe PHnullcalculates an escronullcredit based on earned income increasesnullnullich is deposited monthly into a PHnullmanaged interestnullearing account. nullmilies that successfully complete the nullS program receive their accrued nullS escronullfundsnullplus interest. null restrictions enullst on the use of the escronulld fundsnullbut many families use the funds to help nullth the purchase of a homenullfor debt reductionnullfor postsec null ondary educationnullor to start a nenullbusiness. null Case Management— nullse management is provided to each family enrolled in nullS. nullse managers nullrnullnullth each family as a unit to ensure access to needed supportive services. nulle types of supportive services vary among programs and communities. nullS is a source of longnullerm case management for families that may have connections to other social service providers but lacnullongoing support. nullse managers facilitate referrals to supportive services for nullb searchesnullnullb trainingnullhigh school or postnullecondary education completionnullfinancial literacy educationnulland for childcare and trans null portation assistance. nulle case managers help families achieve their goalsnullfacilitate and monitor partner agency involve null mentnulland tracnullparticipant progress through phone callsnulland in person intervienull that sometimes include home visits. nulle case manager nullrnull nullth the participant to develop an nulldividual nullaining and Service Plan nullnullPnullthat is included in the nullyear nullS nullP. nulle plan establishes interim and final goals that meet the obnullctives of the nullS program. Program Termination— nullcause the nullS program is voluntarynullparticipants may renullest to terminate at any time. nullrenulluest for voluntary termination is accepted nullithout penalty and does not cause the family to lose its housing as null sistance. Participants nullo leave the nullS programnullhonullvernullnullthout completing the contract or nullo fail to comply nullth Housing nulloice nulluchers nullnullnullor nullS program renullirements nullll forfeit their escronullsavings. PHnull have the option of prohibiting or allonullng participants nullo voluntarily leave the programnullto reenroll. null the PHnullhas a nulliting listnull former participants are placed at the bottom of the list. nullr PHnull that do allonullreenrollmentnullparticipants must remain out of the program a minimum of nullmonths and must also demonstrate that they are able to nullrnulltonullrd nullS goals by enullcuting a nenullnullS nullntract. nulley are not eligible to receive funds accrued in escronullup to the point of their initial nullthdranulll from nullS. null reenrollmentnullthe family starts a nenullcontract and a nenullescronullaccount. nullvoluntary termination from nullS may occur if nullnulla family that moves to a nenulllocation and is unable to fulfill its nullS obligations after the movenullnullnulla family fails to report incomenullhas chronic lease violationsnullor othernullse violates Hnull program rules and loses the vouchernullnullnullthe family fails to comply nullth any of the terms of the nullPnullincluding the nullSPnullor nullnulla family does not meet graduation renullirements nullthin nullyears or obtain an approved enullension. nullnullPurpose of the Study and the Final nullport nulle purpose of this study nulls to nullnulldescribe the outcomes of the nullS program for a sample of program participants and nullnullenullmine the factors that appear to innullence a familynull success or failure completing the nullS program renullire null mentsnullfrom both a programmatic and a family perspective. null null some casesnullinterim nullthdranullls of escronullfunds are allonulld for approved uses nullor enullmplenullpurchase or repair of a carnulleducational or nullrnullrelated enullensesnullthat are consistent nullth achieving interim goals to attain selfnullufficiency.

3 nullis report describes the nature of the nullS programs operated by PHnull and characteristics of nullS participants in a representative sample of nullnullPHnull. null additionnullit provides the characteristics of families and programs selected for more intensive tracnullng. nulle tracnullng group included nullnullnullS participants from null programs. nulle families nullre identified soon after they nullined the nullS program. nullnallynullnullS program outcomes for the nullnullparticipants are presented and an analysis of the patterns in outcomesnulland an enullloratory analysis of participant and program characteristics that appear to innullence the outcomes. nulle evaluation focuses on the follonullng research nullestions: nullnullnullat is the nature of nullS programs being operated by PHnullnullnullnullnullat are the outcomes enullerienced by a group of recent enrollees during the nullyear period of studynull nullnullnullat program features appear to be associated nullth successful outcomes for program participantsnullnullnullnullat pro null gram features can be associated nullth successful outcomes for program participantsnull Sampling Plan Sampling Frame nulle research team selected a representative sample of nullnullPHnull. null null these sites nullS coordinators nullre intervienulld and information about their nullS programs nulls collected. nulle sampling frame nulls established from the universe of PHnull operating nullS programsnullidentified by using householdnullevel data files from HUDnull Pnull system. null nullPHnulloperating a nullS program nulls defined as the presence of heads of household nullth a positive ansnullr to the nullestion on nullS participa null tion and nullth program type enullal to vouchernullcertificatenullor moderate rehabilitation nullod rehabnull nullose PHnull that are from the U.S. territories nullnullnullPHnulls participating in the nullving to nullrnullnullnullnulldemonstration nullnullnulland PHnull that had fenullr than null nullS participants nullre enullluded. Sample Selection nulle goal nulls to select a nationally representative sample of nullnullPHnull operating nullS programs. nulle sampling nulls based on the probability of a selection proportional to sinull of the Hnull program. nulle sampling selection also toonullinto consideration the geographic dispersion of the sampling frame and included at least null programs in each of the four nullnsus regions. null accommodate any programs later found to be ineligible at the time of nullS coordinator intervienull nullhat either did not operate a nullS program or nullre unable to provide datanull a pool of null replacement PHnull nullre identified. null nulle full sample of PHnull and the null nullS programs in nullich nullS coordinator intervienull nullre completednullare displayed in nullpendinullnull Tracking Sites Selection nullter selecting the national sample of nullS programs and completing telephone intervienull nullth their nullS coordina null torsnullthe nenull step nulls to select a subsample of null nullS programs for more intensive data collection. Sites nullre included as part of the “tracnullng group ” if they nullnullhad up to null families that nullre nenully enrolled in the nullS program betnullen nullly nullnull and nullrch nullnullnullnullnullhad the nullllingness of the PHnullstaff to fully participate in the studynulland null null one case nullhe nullty and nullunty of nullesnonullnulllifornianull the PHnull appear in HUD data as tnull separate entities and they receive separate allocations of vouchers. nulley function as one PHnull honullvernulland operate a combined nullS program and are treated as one program. nullusnullthe nullS coordinator intervienull provided information about null nullS programs in nullnullPHnull. null Data from Pnull nullnull nullre used for this purpose. Data from PHnullprofiles nullvailable at https:nullpic.hud.govnullicnullaprofilesnullaprofilelist.aspnullnullre used to obtain voucher program sinull for the null PHnull not included in the nullnull Pnull data. null null nullrnulld through the list of nullnullsampled sites in a systematic method to ensure that the final set of PHnull intervienulld maintained the properties of the probability proportional to sinull nullpsnullsample initially selected. null achieve thisnullthe sample of nullnullPHnull nulls divided into tnull replicates using random enullal probability sampling nullfter first tanullng out the null large PHnull selected nullth certaintynull nulle first replicate contained nullnullPHnullnull both the null large PHnull selected nullth certainty and null PHnull selected using random enullal probability sampling. nullsecond replicate of null nulls used to replace any PHnull in the first replicate that nullre found not to operate an nullS program or that nullre unable to provide data for the study. nullen replacement nulls necessarynullnull chose a PHnullfrom the second replicate that nulls closest in sinull to the PHnullbeing replaced.

4 nullnullfit predetermined local housing and labor marnullt characteristics. nullese families are referred to as “tracnullng study participants” or the “tracnullng group ” in the remainder of the report. null nullnullnullthree PHnull that initially agreed to participate in the study declined renullests to return the participant consent forms nullaytonanullHialeahnulland nullgustanulland nullre removed from the tracnullng group. null nullnullnullthree other PHnull declined further participation in the studynullciting budget cuts and staffing shortages nullilmingtonnullnullanulls nulllleynulland nullrming null hamnull null the end of nullnullnullnullof the remaining null PHnull in the subsample closed its nullS programnullthereby ending further participation nullnullHnull. null September nullnull only null sites remained active. nulle data collected from nullnullnullup to the time the program closed is includednullhonullvernullin the analyses in this report. nulle list of tracnullng sites is shonull in nullble null nullble nullin nullapter nullshonull the tracnullng sites and the number of families from each site. nullpendinullnullprovides additional information about nullS tracnullng site programs. Pnull Code Pnull nullme Status Tanulle null PHAs Selected as Tracking Sites in 2006 CA006 City of Fresno Housing Authority Remained in the study CA011 County of Contra Costa Housing Authority Remained in the study CA027 Rinullrside County Housing Authority Remained in the study CA0null nullange County Housing Authority Remained in the study Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing Authority Remained in the study Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing Authority Remained in the study null022 Rockford Housing Authority Remained in the study null00null nullchita Housing Authority Remained in the study null00null Housing nullnullrtunities Commission of nullntgomery Countynullnullryland Remained in the study null07null nulland Ranullds Housing Commission Remained in the study null0null nullssoula Housing Authority Remained in the study null00null Cincinnati nulltronulllitan Housing Authority Remained in the study null007 Akron nulltronulllitan Housing Authority Remained in the study null00null nullnullnullork City Housing Authority Program closed in 200null Anull01 Housing Authority of nullrmingham nullstrict nullthdrenullfrom the study in 2007 a null001 nulllmington Housing Authority nullthdrenullfrom the study in 2007 a Tnull26 nullanulls nullalley Council of nullnullrnments nullthdrenullfrom the study in 2007 a Fnull07 Housing Authority of nullytona nullach nulld not nullonullde data for the tracking study Fnull66 Hialeah Housing Authority nulld not nullonullde data for the tracking study null001 Housing Authority of the City of Augustanullnullorgia nulld not nullonullde data for the tracking study PHA = public housing authority. a The three sites that withdrew from the study in 2007—Birminghamnullnullilmingtonnulland Branulls nullalley—all pronullded participant consent forms. Birmingham and Branulls nullalley also pronullded the nullcial nullcurity numbers of the consenting participants. Birmingham pronullded checnullist information for participants for 200null nullta Sources and Timeframe nulle analysis in this report uses three sources of data collected betnullen nully nullnull and September nullnull for the nullnull tracnullng study participants. nullble nullshonull the timing of data collection by source and the naming convention used for each source of data throughout the report. null nullpendinullnull shonull the distribution of the nullnulltracnullng group participants by site and data source. Over timenullsome participants in the tracnullng group either graduated from the program or left nullthout completing their nullS contracts. nullch yearnulldata from the most recent case manager intervienullnulls collected on the enulleriences and outcomes of par null ticipants remaining in the nullS program. null nullnullnullnull of the nullnulltracnullng group families nullre still enrolled in nullS and the remaining null families had either graduated or enullted the program. nulle null participants from nullnullnullnullre dropped from the tracnullng group nullen the program closed at the end of October nullnull. nulle final round of data collection in nullnull included only the null participants nullo nullre still enrolled in nullnull. null nullpendinullnullprovides a description of the data sources used in the study.

5 null additionnulltelephone intervienull nullth nullS coordinators nullre conducted in nullnull and intervienull nullre completed nullth null nullS participants in nullrch nullnull. Unfortunatelynullin nullnullnullonly sinullof the participants intervienulld in nullnull nullre located and reintervienulld. Oftennullcell phone numbers provided at the initial intervienullnullre no longer in service. nullso includednullnullre four site visits as part of the study: nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullOrange and Riverside nullun null tiesnullnulllifornianulland nullssoula nulluntynullnullntana. Site selection nulls based on tracnullng group sinull. nullth large and small nullS programs nullre visited. nullntgomery nullunty and Orange nullunty nullre selected because they each had null tracnullng group familiesnullhave large nullS programsnulland represent geographically diverse areas on the tnull coasts. nullthough River null side had only three tracnullng group familiesnullthey nullre selected for a site visit because their nullS program had more than nullnullfamilies in nullnull. Riverside nulls near the Orange nulluntynullnulllifornia programnullso it nulls possible to conduct visits to the tnull programs efficiently. nullssoula had nine families in the tracnullng group and nulls selected because they have a small program nullth nullnullfamilies. nulle purpose of the visits nulls to develop a firstnulland understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing these programs. nulltimeline of the evaluation activities completed during the evaluation is listed in nullpendinullnull nullnullOrganinulltion and Contents of This nullport nullhe remaining chapters of this report are as follonulls: nullhapter nullnull nullSS Programsnull provides an overvienull of the nullSS program and study participants for the overall national sample and for the tracnullng group. nullapter null nullracnullng Study Programs and Participantsnulldescribes the characteristics of the tracnullng group soon after enrolling in nullS. nullapter null nullS nullacnullng nulloup Program nullperiencenullis an assessment of outcomes for tracnullng group families that enullted the program betnullen the latter half of nullnull and nullnull and those remaining in nullS nullen the tracnullng period ended. nullapter null nullS Program nulldels and Program Successnullenulllores participant and program characteristics that appear to innullence nullS program outcomes. nulle report ends nullth nullapter null nullnclusions. nullta Source nullme nulled in nullport Timing of nullta Collection Tanulle null Sources of nullta for the Final Renullrt FSS coordinator internullenull Same nullne 200null Participant tracking checklists nullanull 1 nullanull 2 nullanull null nullanull null nullAnull06 nullAnull07 nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nully 2006 nullrch 2007 nullrch 200null nullne 200null Pnull extracts 200null 2006 2007 200null 200null Pnull0null Pnull06 Pnull07 Pnull0null Pnull0null nullne 2006 nullne 2007 nullne 200null nullne 200null nullne 200null Case manager interviews nullanull 1 nullanull 2 nullanull null nullanull null Cnull6 Cnull7 Cnullnull Cnullnull nulltonullr and nullnullmnullr 2006 Senullemnullr and nulltonullr 2007 Senullemnullr and nulltonullr 200null Senullemnullr 200null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter. nulltenullThe Pnull0nullenullract had relatinullly high rates of missing datanullso tabulations using the Pnull0nullenullractnullwith more complete datanullwere used in place of Pnull0null

6 nullis chapternullnullich describes nullS program operations and approachesnullfocuses on four nullestions: null nullat are the typical characteristics of nullS programsnull null Honulldo nullS case managers operatenull null nullat challenges do nullS programs face during the economic donullturnnull null nullo are nullS participants and honulldo they compare nullth nonnullSS voucher holdersnull nullnullPronulle of FSS Programs null learn more about honullvouchernullased nullS programs are structured and operatenullthe research team sponull to nullS coordinators in a representative national sample of nullnullPHnull during the first year of the studynullnullnull. nulle intervienull nullre used to gather information about program goalsnullpoliciesnullservice referralsnulloperationsnulland partnerships nullth other organinulltions. null nullcause the representative sample of PHnull selected for these intervienull nulls dranull systematically nulls described in chapter nullnulland responses nullightednullthe intervienullfindings can be generalinulld to the universe of PHnull oper null ating vouchernullased nullS programs. null additionnullthe annual discussions nullre used nullth case managers in the null tracnullng sites and site visits to four nullS programs to gather additional information about program approach and operations. Program nulle and Sinull nullS programs are largely nullll established. nullre than null percent of nullS programs have operated for at least null years as of nullnull and only nullof the null nullS programs in the study sample nullre fenullr than nullyears old. nullS programs had an average of nullnullparticipants in nullnull. nulle number of nullS participants varied from as fenullas nullin the smallest program to as many as nullnullnull in the largest. On averagenullnullthin each PHnull nullS programs served about nullpercent of Hnull families. nullarly onenullalf of nullS coordinators enullected their programs to gronullduring the coming yearnulland onenullalf said their programs nullre already operating at full capacity and nullre unable to tanull on more participants. Program Goals nulll tracnullng group programs had goals to improve the availability and nullality of the education and training needed to improve the snulllls of family members that needed to find and maintain employment on the path to selfnullufficiency. nulle area of greatest emphasis varied by PHnulland by a participantnull tenure in the nullS program. nullr enullmplenullin nullnullnullrnull nullty and DenvernullnullS staff stated their programs primarily provided referrals for nullb placement needs. null contrastnullthe Orange nullunty nullS program focused on educationnulltrainingnulland developing marnulltable nullb snulllls in the first nullyears of nullS participationnullnullile an emphasis on nullb placement occurred during the past nullyears of participation. nulle average enrollees in the nullS program nullre femalenullin their late nullsnullnullth tnull children. nullacnullng group program staff observed more diversity in the types of families that recently enrolled in nullS and observed some changes in participantnull goals. nullcording to case managersnullnenullr enrollees tend to include more people nullth disabilities nullo nullnt to nullrnull those nullo left the nullrnullorce and nullnt to return to nullrnull older participants nullo nullnt to change careersnull family heads nullth more years of education and higher incomes nullo nullsh to purchase homesnulland single male heads of households nullth young children. nullse managers noted that a reason some people nullth disabilities and older adults returning to the nullrnullorce enroll in nullS is because it is one of the fenulllocal programs offering case management. nullr null nullpendinullnullcontains a list of the nullnullPHnull selected for the study.

7 other candidatesnullnullS is vienulld as one of the best opportunities to achieve homeonullership. null nullS program staff noted that more intensive case management is renullired to serve the needs of a diverse group of participants. Some of the case management challenges are nullnullto define interim program goalsnullnullnullfinding more creative approaches to employment services nullo satisfy the core nullS renullirement of seenullng and maintaining employmentnull and nullnullincreased interagency coordination of services. Services Provided null FSS nulll nullS tracnullng group programs use PHnullstaff to provide case management to nullS participants nullth the enulleption of nullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnullich also uses staff from partner agencies to provide case management. nullS programs also provide access to a range of supportive servicesnullprimarily through referrals to local service providers. nulle services provided to nullS families nullither directly by PHnullstaff or indirectly through referrals to partner agenciesnull nullre fairly consistent at all tracnullng sites. nulll the sites provide budget counseling and financial literacy services to nullS participantsnullusing PHnull or HUDnullertified agency staff. nullso providing firstnullime homebuyer counseling and assistance using PHnullstaff nullre five of the programs: nullesnonullnulllifornianullRocnullordnullnulllinoisnullnullchitanullnullnsasnullRiverside nulluntynull nulllifornianulland nulland Rapidsnullnullchigan. nulltable shonullng each of the tracnullng sitesnullthe amount of nullS program tenurenull the number of nullS coordinators and case managersnulland the services offered at each sitenullis shonull in nullpendinullD. nulll nullS tracnullng site coordinators and case managers referred nullS participants to outside organinulltions for assistance nullth childcarenulleducation servicesnulland employmentnullelated services. nullr employment related services the PHnull have agreements nullth the local nullrnullorce nullvestment nullardnullunder nullich nullS participants can be referred to the Onenulltop nullreer nullnters for nullb preparation and nullb search services. Private or nonprofit partner agencies offer nullrnullhops or support groups that address motivationnullnullb punctualitynullreliabilitynullcoping in the nullrnulllacenullselfnullsteemnullresume devel null opmentnullintervienulltechninullesnulland dressing for success. Of the tracnullng sitesnullnull nullll enullept nullnullnull nulland Rapidsnull nullchigannulland Denvernullnullloradonullalso offer referrals for transportation assistance. nulle nullty and nullunty of nullesnonull nullntgomery nulluntynulland Orange nullunty nullS programs provide bus tonullns and passes and offer discount car loan programs. nullS program staff in sinullof the tracnullng sites nullresnonullnulllifornianullRocnullordnullnulllinoisnullnullntgomery nulluntynull nullrylandnullnullncinnatinullOhionullDenvernullnullloradonulland nullssoulanullnullntananullalso offer nullb search assistance nullrnullhops and resume development assistance to help nullS participant families find volunteer or paid employmentnulldepending on their current snullll set. nulle nullntgomery nullunty program has nullb developersnullnullile the programs in nullcnullonville and nullnull nullrnullnullty can no longer afford these positions because of funding cuts. nulle programs in nullesnonullnullchitanullnullssoulanull nullncinnatinulland Denver offer nullb search assistance and nullrnullhops about developing resumes. nullacnullng group PHnull nullre asnulld honullthey identify and provide for the broad range of services that nullS participants renullire. nulle Program nullordinating nullmmittee is the vehicle for bringing together a range of community agencies to help foster economic selfnullufficiency among the participant families. nulle Rocnullord program has acnullired additional partners and helped develop services for nullS families that are provided at the PHnullin a nullnenulltopnullsetting. null the time of the nullnull site visitnullthe nullntana program had a limited number of partners providing education and health related services. nulleir goal nulls to establish more partnerships nullth education and health providers to serve nullS families. FSS Coordinator nullch nullS program has an nullS coordinator assigned to manage the program. null most of the null tracnullng sitesnullnullS coordinators usually function as the coordinating committeenull staffnullfocused on getting community agenciesnullsupport to address participantsnullservice needs. nulle nullb entails partnership building and managerial dutiesnullincluding obtaining additional outside funding to provide case management and supportive services that nullS participants need to succeed. null nulldividual Development nullcounts nullDnullnull a program available in many communitiesnullpromote asset building and personal savings. nullnull are often used to help individuals save to purchase a home. nullnull are personal savings accounts that encourage participants to save for specific types of asset buildingnullsuch as the purchase of a homenullbusiness onullershipnullor postsecondary education. nullnullprograms provide training and match savings accumulated by program participants nullen an authorinulld nullthdranulll is made from the account.

8 null Tanulle null Case nullnager TenurenullPrenullous nullork nullnullriencenulland FSS Caseload Sinull nullmnullr of FSS case managers in the study null nullngth of time with FSS program Anullrage numnullr of years 6null Range of years 0nullnull6 nullngth of time with the housing agency Anullrage numnullr of years 6null Range of years 0nullnull1 nullmnullr of FSS participants in case manager caseload Anullrage caseload sinull null Range of caseload sinull 21null7null Previous case manager work experience % Case managementnullocial nullrk null nulloucher nullogram staff nullccunullncynulleliginulllitynull 7 Counselor 11 nullher nullnull clerknullnullonullrty managernullgraduate studentnull null Former FSS nullrticinullnt 2 nullssing 2 nullnull= nullpartment of nulltor nullehicles. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nulltenullnullse managers who were associated with the tracnullng study participant at any point during the tracnullng period are included in this tabulation. nullurcenullnullse manager internullews null nullssoulanullnullncinnatinullRiversidenulland nulland RapidsnullnullS coordinators provided some level of case management in addition to their other duties. Of the null programsnullnullhad turnover in the nullS coordinator position due to rotation of staff nullthin the PHnull During the study period Riverside had four nullS coordinatorsnullnullesno and nullchita had threenulland nullntra nullsta and nullcnullonville had tnull nullS coordinators. Case Management in the Tracking Sites nullse management is an integral part of the nullS program. nullS case managers are PHnullstaff at all tracnullng site programs. null the nullntgomery nulluntynullnullryland program some partner organinulltions provide nullS case management in addition to PHnullstaff. nullse managers conduct needs assessmentsnulldevelop the nullSPnulland refer participants to other providers to receive educationnullemployment assistancenullcounselingnullchildcarenulland other supportive services. PHnullstaffs also provide training and information related to nullS escronullaccounts. nullS staff reported providing information about honullthe escronullaccount nullrnullnullhonullthe PHnullnullll nullep the participant informed about the status of the accountnulland assistance nullth personal budgetingnullsavings strategiesnulland credit repair. During annual intervienullnulltracnullng site case managers nullre asnulld about their bacnullround and trainingnulltenure in the nullS programnullposition responsibilitiesnulland about nullether changes occurred to either the services being offered or nullS service methodsnullsince the study began. nulln nullnullnullnullnull nullnull case managers nullere associated nullith the nullnullnull participants. During the nenullt null yearsnull nullnullnull families remained nullith the same case manager and null changed case managers. nulltogethernullnull case managers nullre intervienulld and nullble null shonull the information from those individuals. On averagenullcase managers in the study tenure nullth the nullS program is more than nullyearsnullseveral for as long as the nullS program has been in operation at the housing agencynullsome case managers have been nullth the housing agency for more than null years. nullst case managers have prior enullerience in case management or social nullrnullor come from other professions such as property management. nulle average caseload for a case manager nulls null nullS participantsnull null ranging from as fenullas null participants in nullnt null gomery nullunty to nullnullparticipants in nulland Rapids. Of all of the case managersnullnull reported having more than nullnull families in their nullS caseload. nullr the frenullency of meetings nullth nullS participantsnullnull percent of respondents met nullth null null the nenull chapternullnull compare caseloads for the tracnullng sites to the original sample of nullnullPHnull at the time of the nullnull nullS coordinator intervienull nulle caseload information provided here renullcts average caseloads for the tracnullng sites during the study period.

9 participants once a monthnullcompared nullth null percent nullo reported nullarterly meetings and null percent nullo reported meeting once a year. nulle null percent nullo gave other responses said that they met as needednullmet every other monthnullor tnullce per year. nullse managers in the study said that a larger number of caseloads affected the frenullency of their contact nullth nullS participants. nulle Orange nulluntynullnullntra nullstanullnullncinnatinulland nullron nullS programs all have large caseloads of appronullmately nullnullto nullnullper case manager and case management is limited to an annual revienull nullcause the programs assign one case manager to a family during its entire tenure in the nullS programnullthe program staff seems to be anullre of their clientsnullneeds and changing circumstances. nulle Orange nullunty and nullntra nullsta program staffnullhonullvernullac null nullonulledged that their large caseloads prevent them from providing more intensive case management they had provided in the past nullen they had smaller caseloads. nulle nullesno and Riverside nullS programs also have large caseloadsnullbut their philosophy appears to be different. Par null ticipants are rotated to different case managers and the frenullency of contact nullth participants varied by case manager. Some met the participants monthlynullothers every other month or on a nullarterly basis. nullse managers did not enullress the same sentiments about the sinull of their caseload or about not having time to attend to their clientsnullneeds. null nullntgomery nulluntynullnullere case managers remain nullth the same family and the caseload is around null families per case manager for the Housing Opportunity nullmmission nullOnull staff and null per case manager for partner agency staffnull the HOnullcase managers commented that their caseloads are too high. nulle HOnullasnull more from their case managers than the average nullS program in assisting participants meet their goalsnullmaintaining contact nullth clients a minimum of once a month to monitor their progressnulland more frenullently nullen clients have crises. nullcal Economic Conditions and Changes Over Time nullen the evaluation began in nullnullnullthe U.S. economy nulls relatively stablenullnullth positive economic gronullhnullrapid enullansion in the construction and services industriesnulland lonulllevels of unemployment. nullginning in the last nullarter of nullnullnullreal economic gronullh declinednullthe unemployment rate steadily increasednullthe housing marnullt collapsednulland the economy nullnt into a recession that remained at the end of the data collection period. nullese changes in the economy af null fect the employment prospects for nullS participants and the potential for them to accrue savings in nullS escronullaccounts. nulle recent economic donullturn has changed enullectations and goal setting for participants at some of the tracnullng sites. nulle nullanulleconomy and high unemployment rates in nullnull have led some nullS programs to follonullless stringent renullirements for participants to maintain employment. Orange nulluntynull nullS programnullfor enullmplenullnonullincludes more detailed descriptions of the goal nulleenulland maintain employmentnullthat manulls the achievement of this goal more realistic for participants. nulle nullron program also is adnullsting the goal of nullaintaining suitable employmentnullto establish a more formal enullectation of nullat is nulluitablenulland define the details in the nullP. Denvernull program changed focus from providing services that focused on nullb placement to services that deliver more training and education as the first step tonullrd employment. nulle program in nullcnullonville has increased the emphasis on homeonullership because local house prices have fallen dramaticallynullmanullng this alternative more realistic for many participants. nullS program staff shared their perceptions of the trends in local economic conditions and employment opportunities available for nullS participantsnullas part of this study. nullth the enulleption of the nullncinnati program nullhere nullbs in healthcare and call centers remained stablenull tracnullng study programs reported adverse affects of the nullrsening local labor marnullt for nullS participants. nullcreased competition enullsted among the snulllled and unsnullllednulleducated and less educatednulland even for the lonullpayingnulltemporary nullbs. Some programs nullre concerned that nullS participants nullo maintained steady employment at sustainable nullge levels and nullre gronullng their assets through escronullduring the past nullto nullyears nullo have nonulllost their nullbs nullll suffer manullr set bacnull in their paths to selfnullufficiency. nullth less than nullyear left to complete their nullS programnullthese participants nulluld renullire more program services for nullb placementnull trainingnulland counseling. nullthough an additional enullension of up to nullyears can be granted to those nearing the end of the nullyear contract periodnullsome participants nullo lost their nullbs may not be able to satisfy the criteria for successful

10 completion stated in their nullPs. nulle effect of unemployment may be visible in program statisticsnullon the types of services providednullthe number of graduatesnullthe average sinull of escronullbalancenulland the number of homes purchased. nullthough economic conditions deteriorated in the final nullyears of the studynullin some cases the donullturn in the housing industry and the increased foreclosure ratesnullhomeonullership may be a more attainable goal for some families. nullis anomaly nulls especially true for participants that nullre mortgage ready and had escronullbalances to apply to donull payment or closing costs in nulllifornianullOhionulland nullorida. nullese regions enullerienced substantial declines in housing prices in recent yearsnull null and homeonullership could be a viable option for those nullo are employed nullth a steady income and are able to obtain credit. null the same timenullstaff in other programs said that an enulless supply of foreclosed homesnull reductions in donull payment assistance programsnulland more stringent undernulliting criteria among area lendersnullhave made homeonullership more of a challenge. Challenges to FSS One of the most commonly cited challenges described by the nullS program nulls nullb unavailability for nullS families. nullrly in the studynullthe challenge nulls to place families in nullbs that paid a living nullgenullhad benefitsnulland provided longnull term security. nullom midnullnullnullto nullnullnullthe challenge transformed to placing participants in any available nullb. Partici null pants nullo have completed training and met their interim goals find increased competition in the fields they trained for and a lacnullof available nullbs. nulle goal of helping families find employment nulls becoming increasingly difficult. null the participant levelnullpoor credit historynulllacnullof nullb snulllls or trainingnulland lacnullof a high school diploma nullre often cited as participant level barriers to selfnullufficiency. null the program and community levelnullthe absence of community partnersnulla lacnullof fundingnulland large caseloadsnullnullre cited as challenges. Deteriorating economic conditions that began in nullnull have reduced the amount of contributions received from state and local partner organinulltions for the tracnullng site programs. nullntgomery nulluntynullfor enullmplenullreported cutbacnull in resources from private employers and the Salvation nullmy. nulle Orange nullunty and nullntra nullsta programs have been affected because some of the nonprofit organinulltions and local government partner agencies nulluch as school systems and community collegesnullare also enulleriencing reductions in their funding levels. Partner agencies cut bacnullon the services provided to nullS families shut donull some of the locations nullere services nullre being offerednulland became more selec null tive in choosing individuals to nullhom they provide services. nulle nullntgomery nullunty nullS program receives funds from state and local sources to support additional case managers. nullcording to their nullS coordinator at HOnull nulllthough the nullS program still recruits nenullparticipantsnullunfortunatelynull because of lacnullof sufficient case managementnullnull continue to have about nullnullfamilies nullo are anulliting an nullS orientation. nullere are an additional null families nullo have attended an orientation and nonullare anulliting assignment to a case manager.null nullS coordinators are anullre of the need to provide services renullired by the different types of enrollees nullining nullS. nulle decline in partner contributions to provide servicesnullthe lacnullof nulllling partners nullth complementary snullll sets to fill the gaps in nullS programs at the community levelnulland the uncertainty of funding from HUDnullconstantly pose challenges to the programs. nullthout secure sources of funding and more local partnershipsnullsome housing agencies have cut costs. null null nullnullnullfenullr than nullnullnullnullforeclosures nullre recorded in the United States. null the first tnull nullarters of nullnullnullmore than nullnullnullnullnull foreclosures nullre recordednullnullth the pace accelerating. Home prices have been spiraling donullnullrd for nullyears to the point nullere null percent of all house holds that purchased in the past nullyears onull more than their house is nullrth nullttp:nullseenullngalpha.comnullrticlenullnullnullnullhenullreatnullonsumernullrashnullfnullnullnull. Data compiled by the nullnullOnullL nullSOnullnullnullnullOnull RnullLnullRS null indicate that median sales prices of enullsting singlenullamily homes in the nullcnullonvillenullnullorida metropolitan area declined by null percent from nullnull through the second nullarter of nullnull. During the same periodnullmedian home sales prices declined by null percent in the nullronnullOhio area and by null percent in the Riversidenullan nullrnardinonullntarionullnulllifornia area. See http:nullnullnullrealtor.orgnullpsnullcmnullonnectnulldnullnullnullnullnullbnullnullnullnullnullnullfnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullpdfnullOD nullnullPnullnullnullnullHnullD nullnullnullnullnullnullnull null bnullnullnullnullnullnullfnullnullnull nullccessed on December nullnullnullnullnull

11 Program staff commented on the cutbacnull in vocational training programsnulladult education classesnullreduced availability of class offerings and financial aid at community collegesnullthe scarcity of resources for emergency fundsnulland reduced funds for transportation and childcare needs. nulle staff also discussed the increased demand for services. nullS programs in nullron and nullntgomery nulluntynullfor instancenullreport unmet needs for families nullth mental health issuesnullsubstance abuse problemsnulland stress disorders. nulle Riverside and nullntgomery nullunty programs report increased issues nullth teenagers nullangsnulldrinnullngnulland high levels of absenteeism from schoolnull nullnullFSS Participants nullis section describes characteristics of nullS participants in the nationally representative sample of nullnullPHnull compared nullth voucher holders nullo do not participate in nullS. nullapter nullcompares the characteristics of the tracnullng study participants at the time of enrollment nullth all nullS participants enrolled in the nullnullPHnull. nulle nullnull Pnull enullracted data indicates that a total of nullnullnull nullS participants enullsted in the representative sample of nullS programs. null nullst nullS participant records are identified as either an nullS enrollment reportnullcorresponding to entry in the programnulla progress report for ongoing participantsnullor an enullt report for participants leaving the program. nulle type of enullt is also recorded. nullble nullshonull that in the nullnull enullractnullnullnullnullnenullenrollees and nullnullnull ongoing participants enullsted in nullS in the nullnullPHnull. Of the total participantsnullnullnullnullleft the programnullnullth nearly onenullhird of those nullo left nullnullpercentnullhaving completed the nullP. Demographic information for all nullS participants is shonull in nullble null nullble null also compares demographic characteristics of nullS participants in the nullnullPHnull nullth nonelderly nondisabled voucher program participants nullo are not enrolled in nullS. nulle average nullS participant is nullnulllives in a household nullth nullpeoplenullnullth nullnullchildren. nullenullhousehold sinullnulland number of children are nullite similar for nullS participants and nonparticipants in the nullnullPHnull. nulle average annual income for nullS participants is higher than that of nonparticipants. nullerage annual income for nullS participants nulls nullnullnullnull in nullnullnullcompared nullth nullnullnullnullfor nonnullSS voucher participants. nulle annual income for null percent of nullS participants and null percent of nonparticipants nulls nullnullnullnullor less. null nullnullnullnull percent of nullS partici null pants and nullpercent of nonparticipants had annual incomes of more than nullnullnullnull Sources of income nullre fairly similar for nullS participants and nonparticipants. nulle study also compared annual incomes for nullS participants in different stages of nullS nullable null based on the type of record associated nullth each participant. nullerage annual incomes are lonullat program entry and highest for those nullo enullt and complete the nullS contract. Program enullters nullo did not complete the contract had average annual incomes nullnullnull lonullr than recent entrants. nullerage annual income for contract completers nulls nearly nullnullnullnullhigher than for recent enrollees and for enullters nullo did not complete the nullS contract. nulll tracnullng site programs offer case management internally and many also provide financial literacy and budget counseling through PHnullstaffnullreferring participants to local service providers to receive other types of employmentnull educationnulland supportive services. null the time of the nullnull intervienull nullth nullS coordinatorsnullmost enullected nullS pro null grams to gronullor remain stable in the nenull yearnullbut most did not gronullthe number of participants remained constant or declined during the study period. nullS tracnullng site case managers report that as their caseload increasesnullthe meeting nullnull nullport Type nullmnullr of FSS Participants Tanulle null FSS Particinullnts null Renullrt Tynullnullenullesentatinull Samnulle FSS nullogram enrollment renullrt null7null FSS nullogress renullrt 1null00null FSS nullogram enullt renullrt 6nullnull Program enulltnullcontract comnulleted 1null0null Program enulltnullcontract not comnulleted null72null null FSS addendum 2nullnull Total 2nullnullnull nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullPnull0nulldata for the null0 public housing authorities null null used Pnullnull data for these tabulations because the more recent Pnullnull enullract has a higher missing data rate for the nullS addendum.

12 FSS Participants nullnnullSSnullnullnelderlynull nullndisanulled nulloucher Participants Mean Mean Tanulle null nullmogranullic Characteristics of FSS Particinullnts Comnullred nullth nullnnullSSnullnullnelderlynullnullndisanulled nulloucher Particinullnts Age nulln yearsnull nullnull nullnull Household sinull null2 null2 nullmnullr of children 1null2 1null Gender null % null % Female 26null2null null nullnull0null null nullle 2nullnull null nullnullnull 10 nullnual nullcome null % null % nullnull000 null01null 1null 6null6null 20 nullnull00null10null00 nullnullnull 20 77null07 22 null0null01null20null00 null7null null 10null7null null null0null01nullnullnull00 6null6null 21 60null1null 17 nullnullnull00 null72 1null nullnullnull null Total 2nullnullnull 100 null0nullnull 100 nullannulledian annual income null6nullnull nullnullnull0 nullnullnull1 null2null17 Sources of income Percent receiving this source of income null % null % nullrned income nullmnulloymentnull 17null7null 61 206nullnull null SSnull nullnullnull 17 nullnull67 12 SSnull null 0 17 0 Social Security retirement nullnullnull 12 22null21 6 Prinullte nullnsion 22null 1 1nullnull 1 nullher 10nullnull null 12nullnull2 null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull = nullcial nullcurity nullsability nullsurance. nullnull= nullpplemental nullcurity nullcome. nullurcesnullPnull0nulldata for the null0 public housing authorities nullnull nullnual nullcome null Mean nullnull Median nullnull Tanulle null FSS Particinullnt nullcome At FSS nullogram enrollment null7null 1nullnull6 1null1null FSS nullogress renullrt 1null00null 17nullnull 1nullnull0 FSS nullogram enulltnullcontract not comnulleted null72null 1null6null 12null0null FSS nullogram enulltnullcontract comnulleted 1null0null 2null2null 2nullnull2 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullPnull0nulldata for the null0 public housing authorities frenullency nullth nullS participants declines. nulle recent economic donullturn has resulted in challenges for nullS programsnull including greater demand for program services and fenullr local resources that provide them. nulle nenull chapter enullmines the characteristics of the tracnullng study participants and programs.

13 nullis section describes the tracnullng study programs and participants. nullis section focuses on three nullestions: null Honulldo nullS tracnullng study programs compare to those in the representative sample of nullS programsnull null nulle tracnullng study participants similar to other nullS participantsnull null nullat are the characteristics of the nullnullnullS tracnullng study participants around the time of program enrollmentnull FSS Programs in the Tracking Study nulle tracnullng group includes nullnullnullS participants in null nullS programs nullable null. Pnull Code Pnull nullme nullmnullr of Tracking Study Participants Tanulle null PHAs and FSS Particinullnts in the Study CA006 City of Fresno Housing Authority 20 CA011 County of Contra Costa Housing Authority 6 CA027 Rinullrside County Housing Authority null CA0null nullange County Housing Authority 20 Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing Authority 12 Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing Authority 17 null022 Rockford Housing Authority 11 null00null nullchita Housing Authority 20 null00null Housing nullnullrtunities Commission of nullntgomery Countynullnullryland 20 null07null nulland Ranullds Housing Commission null null0null nullssoula Housing Authority null null00null nullnullnullork City Housing Authority 20 null00null Cincinnati nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 10 null007 Akron nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 10 Total 1null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. null designnullthese programs nullre larger than the average nullS program. nulle total numbers of nullS tracnullng study partici null pants nullre compared nullth the number of all nullS program participants using both the Pnullnull and the Pnullnull data. null of nullnullnullthe tracnullng study sites had a median of nullnullparticipants nullompared nullth nullnullin the typical nullS programnull nullis disparity is because the selection nulls intentionally focused on nullS programs that nullre nulllling to participate in the study and that had up to null recent nullS enrollees in the first months of the tracnullng study. nullcause the programs are largernullthe tracnullng sites have more staff and a larger number of nullS cases nullables nulland null. nullslightly higher proportion of the tracnullng sites received nullS coordinator funding in nullnull than nulls true for the full sample of null PHnull nullnullpercent compared nullth null percentnull null enullmine nullether nullS tracnullng site programs differ from other programs in other respectsnullnullble nullshonull additional information about nullS staffing and case management compiled from nullS coordinator intervienull. Characteristic Tracking Sites null nullnullnull nullpresentative Sample of FSS Programs null nullnullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Tanulle null Sinull of the FSS ProgramnullTracking Sites Comnullred nullth Renullesentatinull Samnulle of FSS Programs nullmnullr of FSS nullrticinullnts null0 null6 null0 2null 2null 1null 26null 10null FSS sinull as a nullonullrtion of nullucher nullogram sinull nullnull null nullnull null null0null null null6null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullPnull0nulland Pnull0nulldata

Unknown

14 nullproaches tanulln to staff nullS case management are similar in the tracnullng sites and other nullS programs. Out of the null sites reportingnullnone use other organinulltions to provide nullS case management. nulleting frenullency betnullen case managers and nullS participants is somenullat similar for the tracnullng sites and the larger group of programs. null factnullmore than null percent of the tracnullng sites and more than onenullalf of the representative sample of nullS programs indicated that case managers meet nullth nullS participants monthly or more frenullently nullnullpercent in the tracnullng sites and null percent in the sample programsnull nullusnulldespite the larger sinull of the tracnullng site programsnullit appears that the intensity of case management provided is similar to that in other nullS programs. Characteristics of the Tracking Group at Enrollment nullis section describes the characteristics of the nullnulltracnullng group families at nullS program enrollment. nulle measured characteristics nullre obtained close to the time of enrollment using the nullnull checnullist completed by the case managers. nulle study compared the characteristics of the null tracnullng sites to all null nullS programs nullth enrollment records using the Pnullnull data. null Comparing the Tracking Group nullth the Sample of FSS Enrollees nulle tracnullng study participants are not representative of the overall nullS populationnullnor can their nullS outcomes be generalinulld to the nullS program as a nullole. null is nevertheless of some interest to nullonullhonullthese families compare to Characteristic Tracking Sites null nullnullnull nullpresentative Sample of FSS Programs null nullnullnull null null Tanulle null FSS Program Stafnullg and Case nullnagementnullTracking Sites Comnullred nullth nullher FSS Programs Anullrage numnullr of PHA staff nullo nullrk on FSS nullogram null7 2 Anullrage FTnulldedicated to FSS null 1null Anullrage FSS caseload 1null null nulles the Pnull have FSS coordinator fundsnull null % null % nulles 10 71 7null 6null null null 2null 26 null null case management done null Pnull staff or null staff from an outside organinulltionnull null % null % PHA staff null null 6null 7null Staff from outside organinulltion null null 1null 17 Comnullnation 1 10 null null nullt anulllicanulle null null 1 1 nullssing null null 17 null nullw frenullently do FSS case managers meet with FSS participantsnull null % null % Annually 1 7 11 11 nullannually 1 7 null null nullarterly null 2null 2null 2null nullery other month 1 7 null null nullnthly null 2null null null Tnull or three times a month 2 1null null null nullariesnulldenullnding on need and time in nullogram 1 7 null null nullw do FSS case managers usually contact participantsnull null % null % nullstly null nullone 1 null 11 12 nullstly in nullrson null 2null 1null 1null nullnullof nullone and in nullrson null 67 71 7null nullssing 2 null null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= fullnullime employee. PHA = public housing authority. nullurcenullnullnullcoordinator internullews null null ensure that participants being compared nullre at appronullmately the same point in their nullS program participationnullnull selected only Pnull records designated as enrollment reports in the nullS addendum. nullese individuals nullre compared nullth the tracnullng group in their first year in the nullS program.

15 enrollees in the representative sample of null nullS programsnullto provide contenull for the tracnullng group data. nulle tracnull null ing group differs in some nullys from all nullS enrolleesnullbut is sufficiently similar that the findings about the tracnullng group can be considered illustrative of the overall program nullee nullble nullnull null the year they nullined nullSnulltracnullng study participants had higher annual incomesnullhigher employment ratesnulland generally higher educational attainment than nullS enrollees in the larger sample. nulle tracnullng group is also slightly younger than the participants in the total sample of nullS programs. nulle average annual income in the year of nullS enrollment nulls nullnullnullnullfor the tracnullng group compared nullth nullnullnullnullfor all nullS enrollees. null additionnulla larger percentage of tracnullng study participants nullre employed nullnull percentnullthan in the larger nullS sample nullnullpercentnull null the time of enrollmentnulla larger proportion of the tracnullng group had attended some college or graduated from college compared nullth the sample group. nullusnullat the time of program enrollmentnullthe tracnullng site participants for nullom the study had analynulld nullS outcomes appeared slightly more advantaged than participants in all nullS programs. Enrolled FSS Participants in Sample of FSS Programs a null nullnullnullnull Tracking Study Participants null null nullnullnull Mean Median Mean Median Tanulle nullnull Comnullring FSS Particinullnts in 1nullTracking Sites and the null FSS Programs nullth the Tracking nullounull Particinullnts Age null years null years null years null years Anullrage annual income nullnull107 null1nullnull null6nullnull nullnull1null Employment status null % null % Full time 1nullnull null 77 null Part time nullnull 11 null 27 nullt emnulloyed 2nullnull null null null nullssing 16 null null null Total nullnullnull 100 1null 100 Education nullears of schoolingnull null % null % nullss than high school null12 yearsnull 2nullnull null null 2null High school graduate null2 yearsnull 1null60 null 72 null Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull nullnull 17 null 27 College graduate null6nullyearsnull 1null null 10 6 nullssing null null 11 null Total nullnullnull 100 1null 100 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. a Pnull0nulldata for the null tracnullng sites and for the null programs. b The nullAnull0nullchecnullist is used for agenullemploymentnulland annual income for the tracnullng groupnulland the earliest anullilable Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter system record is used for education. Characteristics of the Tracking Group nullis section provides more details about the tracnullng group soon after they enrolled in nullS. During the year of enroll null mentnullthe average tracnullng study participant nulls null years oldnullfemalenullnullth annual household income of more than nullnullnullnullnullable nullnull nullis average income includes income from public benefitsnullalthough more than null percent reported some earnings from employment in the year they enrolled in nullS nullable nullnull nullst nullnullpercentnulltracnullng study participants nullre nullrnullng at the time they entered the nullS programnullearning an aver null age of nullnullper hournullas shonull in nullble null. nullS case managers nullrnullnullth the participant to develop the nullP that describes individual goals and service needs at the beginning of the nullS term. nullese goals help the participant and case manager plan service referral strategies and monitor participantsnullprogress. nullmpletion of education nullnullpercentnulland obtaining employment nullnullpercentnullnullre the tnull goals most frenullently mentioned in the nullSP for the tracnullng group in the first year of their participation in nullS. nullhieving homeonullership nullnullpercentnull reducing debt nullnullpercentnull obtaining a nullb nullth better nullges nullnullpercentnull obtaining a nullb nullth benefits nullnullpercentnull and completing training nullnullpercentnull nullre also listed as goals for the tracnullng study sample nullen they enrolled in nullS nullable nullnull

16 Sources of nullcome and nullcome Supports Tracking Group Participants null nullnullnull null % Employment Status at Time Form nullas Completed nullrom checklist datanull Tracking Group Participants null nullnullnull null % Tanulle nullnull Renullrted nullcome Sources for FSS Tracking nullounullParticinullnts in the nullear of nullrollment nullrned income 110 61 Food Stamnullnullogram nullnenulls null null nulldicaidnullhildrennulls health insurance nullogram 72 null Child sunullort null null nullrned income tanullcredit null 2null TAnull null 2null SSnull 22 12 nullneral assistance 21 12 nullemnulloyment insurance 6 null SSnull null 2 Social Security retirement 1 1 Prinullte nullnsion 1 1 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull = nullcial nullcurity nullsability nullsurance. nullnull= nullpplemental nullcurity nullcome. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists Tanulle nullnull Tracking nullounullParticinullntsnullnullnulloyment Status in the nullear of nullrollment in FSS Full time 77 null Part time null 26 nullt emnulloyed null 2null nullssing null 2 Total 1null 100 Current nullnullnullrom checklist datanull null Mean Median Min Max nullmnullr of months in current nullnullnull2null 121 nullnull 2null 1 220 Hours nullrked nullr nullek at current nullnullnull2null null nullnull2 null null null Hourly nullge at current nullnullnull26null 110 null1null2 null0nullnull nullnull0 a nullnull nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. a null is linullly that this wage is below the minimum wage because it included tips. nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists and case manager internullews Goal nulldividual Goals in nullSP null nullnullnull null % Tanulle nullnull nullSP nullals at the Time of FSS nullrollment for the Tracking nullounull Comnullete education null null nulltain emnulloyment null null Achienull homeonullershinull 7null null Reduce denull 6null null nulltain a nullnullnullth nulltter nullges null null nulltain a nullnullnullth nullnenulls null 2null nulltanullish credit null 2null Comnullete training null 22 nullit TAnull null 20 nullarn money management 1null 10 nullnullonull nullrsonal health 12 7 nullnullonull transnullrtation null null nulltanullish onull nullsiness null null nulltain mentoring 7 null nullitiate career enullloration null 2 nullnullonullnullcnullire childcare 1 1 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull = nulldinulldual Training and nullrnullce Plan. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullurcenull200nullparticipant tracnullng checnullist

17 nullse managers nullre asnulld to assess the probability for program completion based on the information compiled during the familynull first year in the program. nullse managers nullre optimistic about enullected program completion rates for the nenullentrants nullable nullnull nulley rated the prospects for completion enullellent or very good for null percent of familiesnull and fair or good for null percent of the families. Only nullpercent of the families nullre nulldged to have poor prospects for completing the nullS program. Service nulled nullth nulled null nullferred % nullceived Service % Ongoing Service % Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds Renullrted null Tracking nullounullParticinullnts in the nullear of nullrollment in FSS Counseling 12null 6null null null nullnulloyment null 7null null 72 nullucation null 7null null 7null Household skills and management 66 7null null 7null Personal nulllfare null null null 6null Transnullrtation 1null 6null null 7null Childcare 1null null null 61 nullher nullssistance nullth utility nullymentsnull helnullto start a nullsinessnull null 7null null 7null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nulltenullPercentages are based on those people who are identinulld with a need. nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists Prospects for Program Completion nullrom checklist datanull null % Tanulle nullnull Case nullnager Percenullions of Prosnullcts for Particinullnt Success in the nullear of nullrollment in FSS Poor null 2 Fair 1null null nullod null 2null nullery good null 27 nullcellent null 2null nullssing 21 12 Total 1null 100 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullParticipant tracnullng checnullistnullnullnullcoordinator internullew database nullse managers identified tracnullng group service needs for the first year in the programnullounseling for homeonullership and money managementnullnullre the most frenullently mentioned services. nullse managers for about onenullalf the families said that employment and educationnullelated services nullre an important need for families in the study nullable nullnull nullse managers also provided their perceptions on potential barriers to progress in nullS nullable nullnull nulle cost of childcarenull lacnullof nullb snullllsnulland lacnullof transportation nullre considered the three most linullly barriers to program completion. nullronic health problems such as cardiovascular diseasenullobesitynulldiabetesnulland depressionnullcoupled nullth a lacnullof health insurancenullnullre also mentioned by case managers as significant barriers to achieving selfnullufficiency for many nullS participants. Other barriers that case managers mentioned nullre problems associated nullth risnull behavior of older children in the family and difficulty obtaining drivers licenses for household heads. null summarinullnullnullS tracnullng group programs are larger than the typical nullS programnullnullth more participantsnullmore staffnulland larger nullS caseloads than other nullS programs. nulle tracnullng group programs nullre more linullly to have received nullS coordinator funding in nullnull than other programs. nulle average tracnullng participant nulls null years oldnull femalenullnullth an annual income of nullnullnullnullin the year of enrollment in nullS. nullst tracnullng participants nullnullpercentnullnullre nullrnullng nullen they nullined the nullS programnulland case managers anticipated that most tracnullng group participants nulluld eventually complete the nullS program. nulle follonullng chapters enullmine nullS outcomes for these families.

18 Tanulle nullnull Case nullnager Percenullions of nullrriers to Contract Comnulletion in the nullear of nullrollment in the FSS Tracking nullounull Childcare 1null 10 nullck of nullnullskills andnullr enullerience 2null 1null nullck of transnullrtation 1null 7 Physical disanulllity null null nullck of motinulltion null null Failure to meet interim milestones null null Careginullr to family memnullrnullnull 2 1 Failure to keenullanullointments nullth case manager null 2 nullntal health disanulllity 2 1 nullmestic nullolence 2 1 Sunulltance anullse 0 0 nullher nullot hanullng a nullnull childcare resnullnsinulllitiesnull health of childnullcriminal historynulldenullnullredit issuesnull language nullonullemsnulllack of a sunullort systemnull null 2null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= nullneral nulluinulllency nullploma. nulltenullPercentages are based on the nullnullparticipants. nullse managers could report more than one barrier per participant. nullurcenullParticipant tracnullng checnullists nullrrier nullported To null nullfected null nullrrier null nullnullnull null %

19 nullis chapternullnullhich provides an assessment of the outcomes for the tracnullng group familiesnullansnullrs the follonullng four nullestions: null nullo graduated from the nullS programnullnullo left the program or nulls terminated from the program before contract completionnullnullat nullre the reasons for program enullt or terminationnull null Honulldo graduates compare to other enullters and those still enrolled in the programnull null Honulldo the nullS program enulleriences of graduatesnullother enulltersnulland stillnullnrolled participants vary across individual goals for the programnullattainment of interim milestonesnullservice needs and receipt thereofnulland escronull accumulationnull null nullsed on interim outcomes observednullnullat are the graduation prospects for stillnullnrolled program participantsnull nulle chapter details a description of the tracnullng group outcomes as of nullnullnullonullmany graduatednullhonullmany enullted nullthout graduatingnulland honullmany remained. nullr those nullo left nullthout completing the programnullthis study enulllores reasons for program enullt. nulle nenull section compares the demographic characteristics of nullS graduatesnullother enulltersnull and participants still enrolled in the nullS program. nulle follonullng section enullmines the employment and nullS program enulleriences for each of the three groups. nullnallynullbased on interim outcomes observed for this group and findings about factors associated nullth graduation from nullSnullthe potential for nullS program completion nulls assessed among the stillnull enrolled participants. nullnullFinal Outcomes Onullerved for the Tracking Group Participants null the time data collection for the tracnullng study ended in September nullnullnull ƒ null nullS participants had graduated from the program nullnullpercent of the tracnullng groupnull ƒ null left the program before graduation nullnullpercentnull ƒ nulle remaining null participants nullnullpercentnullnullre still enrolled in the nullS program. ƒ null participants in the nullnullnullrnullnullty Housing nullthority nullre dropped from the tracnullng group in nullnull because the nullS program nulls discontinued in that agency in October nullnull. nullble null and nullhibit nullenullmine the patterns of attrition and graduation over time for the tracnullng study participants. nullble null shonull the yearnullonullear attrition and graduation rates for tracnullng study participants at discrete points in timenull the end of each subsenullent year after enrollment. nullhibit nulldisplays the attrition and graduation rates graphicallynullin a continuous time plot shonullng the programnull cumulative participant graduation and drop out rates. Of the participants in the nullnullnullrnullnullty Housing nullthority nullnullHnullnullnull nullre dropped from the tracnullng study in nullnull because nullnullnull discontinued its nullS program at the end of October nullnull. null nullese participants nullre not included in these calculations. nullcause nullS outcomes for these participants are unclearnullthey have also been enullluded from comparisons of graduates and other enullters. During the first year after enrollmentnullnull percent of the remaining nullnullnullS participants in the study nullre still enrolled in nullS. Of the participantsnullnullpercent had enullted the program nullthout completing the nullPnulland nullpercent had fulfilled their contracts and graduated from nullS. Of the nullnullparticipants remaining at the end of the first null nulle program nulls discontinued because of budgetary constraints across the housing authority and because the agency did not receive nullS coor null dinator funding from HUD. nulle average escronullbalance for the null participants at the time of the nullnull case manager intervienull nulls nullnullnull. Of the null participantsnullnullnullre employed full time or part time nullen the program ended and nullnullre considered by their case managers to have very good or enullellent prospects for completing the nullS program. nullcording to the case managernullescronullmoney nulls disbursed to the nullnullnullparticipants if they nullre in good standing in the programnullhad completed their nullS goalsnulland had not received nulllfare income in the last null months.

20 Graduation nullopout Still Enrolled nullitial Enrollment at the Start of Each FSS nullear null nullnullnull null % % % year after enrollmentnullnull percent left nullthout graduating the second year. null the third year after enrollmentnullan almost enullal share of participants graduated compared nullth the number that left nullthout completing the program. null the fourth year since enrollmentnullthe same number of nullS participants graduated compared nullth the number nullo enullted from the program. Of the participants still remaining in the program at the end of nullyearsnullnullpercent graduated in subsenullent years and nullpercent enullted for other reasons. nullcluding the null nullnullnullrnullparticipants from the denominatornullthe attrition rate during the entire tracnullng period is null percentnullthe graduation rate is null percentnulland null participants nullnullpercent of nullnull nullre still enrolled in nullS at the end of the study period. nulltrition rates overallnullnd rates of graduationnullary across programs. null three sitesnullno nullS participants had com null pleted the program successfully as of nullnull. null tnull other sitesnullonenullalf or more of the participants graduated. Cumulative Pronullnulllity Plot null also enullmined the attrition and graduation probabilities over time by plotting the nullmulative nullcidence nullnction nullnullnull nullnullnullprovides an estimate of the cumulative probability of the event of interest nullraduationnullby time tnullgiven that other outcomes or competing risnull nullrogram enulltnullare possible. null nullcompeting risnullis an event thatnullif it occursnull nullll change the probability or prevent the event under enullmination. Sonullthe plot for graduation shonull the proportion of participants at a given number of years since enrollment nullo have graduated in the presence of the risnullof enullting nullthout graduating. nullhibit null plots the cumulative probabilities for graduation and nongraduate enullt. null shonull thatnullfor enullmplenull nullyears into enrollmentnullthe cumulative probability of graduation is less than null percentnullnullile the cumulative probability of other program enullts is about null percent. nulle graph indicates that the cumulative probability of graduation nulls lonullnullround null percentnullduring the first nullyears after program enrollment. nulle participantnull graduation rate started to picnullat the end of year nulland gradually accelerated through the third year. nullroughout the study periodnullthe Tanulle nullnull FSS Program Status of Study Particinullnts null nullear of nullrollment First year after enrollment nullays 1null6null 2 null null 100 Second year after enrollment nullays null6nullnullnull null 16 7null null Third year after enrollment nullays 7nullnullnullnullnull 11 12 77 70 Fourth year after enrollment nullays 1nullnullnullnull60null 10 10 null null nullre than nullyears after enrollment null 7 null null Percentage of initial enrollment nullf 170 nullrticinullntsnull enullluding the nullCHA nullrticinullntsnull 2null null null 100 Exit Graduation 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Cumulative Incidence 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Years since program enrollment Exhinullt null Cumulatinull Pronullnulllity Plot for nulladuation and nullit nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnullA = nullw nullrnullnullty Housing Authority. nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews null nullis is similar to the nullplannulleier survival function but tanulls into account more than tnull outcomes. Stillnullnrolled participants are treated as censored because they have not yet enullerienced a final outcome. nulle SnullOnullSnull command in Stata nulls used to generate the nullnull. null referred to nullviellonullnullncennullnulland nully nullggess. nullnull. nullumulative nullcidence nulltimation in the Presence of nullmpeting Risnullnull The Stata Journal nullnullnull nullnullnullnull

21 programnull other enullt rate nulls alnullys higher than the graduation rate. nullthough the participants enullt rate nulls relatively lonullduring the first yearnullit began to accelerate at the beginning of the second year. null the end of the second yearnullthe probability rate of a participant enullting the program enulleeded null percent. nulle enullt rate continued increasing through the third and fourth yearsnullreaching close to null percent at the end of the fourth year. nullis section enullmines the cumulative probabilitynullover timenullof nullS program graduation in the presence of the competing risnullof enullting the program. nullapter nulla competing risnullregression analyses is performed to enullmine the association betnullen participant and program characteristics and graduation. null null also calculated the duration in nullS for the tracnullng group. On averagenullgraduates nullre in the program slightly longer than other enullters. nullst of the families in the study nullnullpercentnullenrolled in nullS in late nullnull or early nullnull. null nullr the null program graduatesnullthe average time in nullS nulls about nullnullyears nullnullmonthsnull the null enullters spentnullon averagenullnull months in the program. null nulle null nullnullnullparticipants had been in the program for null months nullen the program closed in October nullnull. Stillnullnrolled participants have been in the program for almost null months. nullasons for nullaving the FSS Program nullny participants nullnullof nullnullnullo left the nullS program nullthout completing the nullP did so either because they had violated nullS program rules or they had violated voucher program rules and had lost their voucher assistance. nullolation of nullS program rules included failure to communicate nullth the nullS casenullrnullr or to respond to casenullrnullr outreachnull failure to meet nullS program goals or shonullup for an annual revienulland continuing to receive public assistance. nullola null tions of voucher program rulesnullas reported by nullS case managersnullincluded failed housing nullality inspection and not completing income recertification. null some cases the voucher nulls terminated for people nullo had moved nullthout notifying the PHnull Other participants left the program voluntarily. nullr enullmplenullone participant reported that the nullS program nulls not meeting her needs and another became financially overnullalified for the voucher program nullen she nulls married and her household income enulleeded the Hnull eligibility threshold. Others left because they nullre unable to meet nullS goals nullile managing nullrnulland family obligations. Other reasons for leaving the program before completing the nullP include illnessnulldeathnullor use of the voucher to move to another nullrisdiction. Program participants nullo enullt nullthout completing their contracts forfeit their escronullaccounts. nullile nearly onenullalf nullnullof nullnullof the participants nullo left nullthout completing their nullPs did not have escronullaccount balancesnullnull had escronullbalances enulleeding nullnullnull at the time of enullt nullable nullnull and nullenullters had escronullbalances greater than nullnullnull. Of the enulltersnulleight nullth escronullaccounts greater than nullnullnull left for voluntary reasons such as moving to another state for a better nullb. Others left because they could not meet nullS goals because of nullrnulland family obligations or their contract enullired or nulls terminated for not reporting incomenullcontinued receipt of public assistancenulllacnullof communica null tionnullor failure to shonullup for annual revienull Of the null participants in the nullnullnullprogramnullnullhad no escronullaccount nullen the program ended nullable nullnull Of these null participantsnullnullhad escronullaccount balances of nullnullnull or more and nullhad escronulld greater than nullnullnull. nullnullnull program staff said that participants in good standing nullth the nullS and voucher program at the end of the nullS program received their escronullfunds. null null alternative approach nulluld be the binary logit modelnullusing only those participants in the tracnullng study for nullom an outcome nulls observednullraduates and enullters. nulle binary logit approach nulluld thus use a smaller sample sinull and also nulluld not tanull into account the fact that some participants nullre still enrolled in the program at the end of the tracnullng period. null additionnullunlinull the logit modelnullthe competing risnullmodel also tanulls into consideration the nullime to outcomenull nullich accounts for honullnullicnully people graduate or enullt. null nullpendinullnull nullble nullnullshonull enrollment dates for the study participants. null Of the participants in the tracnullng group from the Denver Housing nullthoritynulleight enrolled in nullS before nullnull and one enrolled as long ago as nullnull. nulley nullre retained in the analysis of nullS outcomes but are enullluded from the calculations of time spent in the nullS program. nulle number of months in nullS is measured from enrollment date in the nullnullnull checnullist to the enullt date provided in subsenullent checnullists and verified in the case manager intervienull.

22 nullnullComparing FSS GraduatesnullOther Exitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Participants nullis section compares the characteristics and nullS program enulleriences of nullS graduatesnullother enulltersnulland stillnull enrolled participants. nulle demographic profile of the null participants still enrolled in the program is compared nullth nullS graduates and other enullters. nullble null displays household sinullnullnumbers of dependentsnulland educational status of the three groups from Pnull datanullusing the earliest Pnull record available for each participant. Pnull provides the only source of information for the tracnullng study participants on household sinullnullnumbers of dependentsnulland educational attainment. nullucational attainment is measured by the number of years of school completed. null nullble null shonullnullnull percent of enullters had less than a high school educationnullcompared nullth null percent of gradu null ates and null percent of the stillnullnrolled participants. nullmost null percent of the null participants still enrolled in the nullS program had completed some schooling beyond high school compared nullth null percent of the enullters and null percent of the graduates. Escrow nullcount nullounts null nullason for nullaving Exit nullason nullnullero Escrow nullcount nullnullnull or nullss nullnullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnullnull Total Tanulle nullnull Reasons for nullanullng the FSS Program and nullcronullnulllances for Program nulliters Terminated for noncomnulliance 1null 11 1 null 0 1 null nullft FSS nullluntarily null 2 2 0 null 2 1null nullft HCnullnullluntarily null 0 0 0 0 0 null nullft HCnullincome increased 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Ported out null 1 1 1 0 0 6 nullath or illness 2 0 1 1 0 0 null Total null 1null null 6 null null 6null nullCHA nullrticinullnts enrolled in FSS nullen nullogram ended null 1 1 null 1 1 11 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = Housing nulloice nullucher. nullnullA = nullw nullrnullnullty Housing Authority. nullurcenullnullse manager internullews Characteristic Graduates null nullnullnull Exiters null nullnullnull nulltive Participants null nullnullnull null % null % null % Tanulle nullnull Comnullring Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts nullth nulliters and nulladuates nullusehold Sinull 1 2 null 6 10 1 2 2 1null null 17 2null 17 26 nullto null 1null null null null null null nullor more 7 17 null 1null 1null 20 nullssing 0 null 2 null 0 null Total null 100 6null 100 66 100 nullmnullr of nullears of Schooling Completed nullss than high school null12 yearsnull 7 1null 21 null 12 20 High school graduate null2 yearsnull 1null null 2null null 26 null Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull 1null null 10 17 20 null College graduate null6nullyearsnull null 1null 2 null null null nullssing 1 null null null null null Total null 100 6null 100 66 100 nullmnullr of nullpendents 0 null 7 10 16 1 2 1 1null null 17 2null 20 null 2 11 27 17 2null 22 null nullto null 11 27 1null 21 1null 27 nullor more 2 null null 7 null null nullssing 0 null 2 null 0 null Total null 100 6null 100 66 100 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null and Pnull07 data

23 nulle stillnullnrolled participants resemble the graduates more than they do other enullters for educational attainmentnullbut the stillnullnrolled participants have larger households and more dependents than either graduates or other enullters. Of the active participants in nullnullnullnull percent had more than three people in their householdsnullcompared nullth null percent of the graduates and null percent of the other enullters. Of the stillnullnrolled participants in nullnullnullnull percent had tnull or more dependentsnullcompared nullth null percent of the graduates and null percent of the enullters. Employment nulle participants in the study nullre grouped according to their most common employment status during the tracnullng period. Participants are defined as being nullostly employednullduring the tracnullng period if they nullre employed at more than four of the eight tracnullng study data collection points. nullnverselynullparticipants are defined as being nullostly unemployednullduring the tracnullng period if they nullre unemployed at more than four of the eight the tracnullng study data collection points. null an individual nulls employed at enullctly onenullalf of the observation pointsnullhe or she nulls classified as nullntermittently employed.nullnulle number of data collection points varied from personnullonullerson dependent on the total amount of time in the program. Employment Status Over the Tracking Period nullst program graduates nullre employed at nullS program entry and remained employed more or less steadily throughout their time in the program. Of the graduatesnullnull percent nullre mostly employed compared nullth null percent of the other enullters nullable nullnull null Of the three participantsnulltnull nullre included in the mostly unemployed group because they resemble the mostly unemployed group more closely than the mostly employed group. nulley tended to be employed at earlier points in the tracnullng period but nullre unemployed by the nullnullnull checnullist and the nullnull intervienull and nullre thus faring nullrse over time nullth respect to employment in contrast to the steadily employed group. nulle third person nulls included as part of the mostly employed group. Employment Status Graduates Exiters Stillnullnrolled Participants null % null % null % Tanulle nullnull nullnulloyment Status of FSS nulladuatesnullnullher nullitersnulland Stillnullnrolled Particinullnts nullstly emnulloyed null null null 60 null 6null nulltermittently emnulloyed 1 2 null null null null nullstly unemnulloyed 1 2 1null null 2null null nullsufnullient information 1 2 null null null null Total null 100 6null 100 66 100 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnullnullnullnullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0null nullarly tnullnullhirds nullnull of the stillnullnrolled participants nullre mostly employed. nulllittle more than onenullhird nullnull of the stillnullnrolled participants nullre mostly unemployed. Only nullof the stillnullnrolled nullS participants moved in and out of employment during the tracnullng periodnullnullth periods of unemployment follonulld by periods of employment. null nullployment patterns for enullters resemble those for the stillnullnrolled participantsnullnullpercent of enullters nullre mostly employed during the study periodnulland null percent nullre mostly unemployednullcompared nullth null percent of the stillnull enrolled participants. Of enulltersnullnullpercent nullre intermittently employed during the observation period. nulle stillnullnrolled participants nullre either mostly employed or mostly unemployed during the nullyear tracnullng period. nulle share in fullnullime or partnullime employment remained stable at about null percent at each observation pointnullalthough a slight shift tonullrd fullnullime employment occurred over time. nulle most common types of nullbs for those nullo nullre steadily employed nullre administrativenullclericalnullor healthcare related nullbs.

24 Hours Worked and Wages nullr graduates nullo nullre mostly employed during the tracnullng periodnullhours nullrnulld and nullges increased over time: average hours nullrnulld increased from null to nullnulland average hourly nullge increased from nullnullnull in nullnull to nullnullnull in the graduation year nullable nullnull nullr other enullters nullo nullre mostly employed during their time in the programnullthe average nullenully hours nullrnulld dropped but the nullges increased slightly from nullnullnull to nullnullnull in the year they left the program. nullr stillnullnrolled participants nullo nullre mostly employednullhours nullrnulld and nullges increased modestly over time: average hours nullrnulld increased from null to null and the average hourly nullge increased from nullnullnull in nullnull to nullnullnull in nullnull nullable nullnull Employment Status nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null % null % null % null % Tanulle nullnull nullnulloyment Status of Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts Full time 21 null 26 null 2null null 2null null Part time 22 null 21 null 12 1null 1null 2null nullt emnulloyed 2null null 1null 2null 2null null 2null null nullssing 0 null 0 null 1 null 0 null Total 66 100 66 100 66 100 66 100 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnullnullnullnullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists

Graduates null nullnullnull Other Exiters null nullnullnull nullnull null End of Program Participation nullnull null End of Program Participation nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull Tanulle nullnull Anullrage nulleekly Hours nullorked and Anullrage Hourly nullage for nullstly nullnulloyed nullounull Tanulle nullnull Anullrage nulleekly Hours nullorked and Anullrage Hourly nullage for nullstly nullnulloyed nullounullnullnullof the 66 Stillnullnrolled Particinullntsnull Hourly nullge nulln 200nulldollarsnull null1nullnull nullnullnull null1nullnull null2null7 nulleekly hours nullrked null null null null Hourly nullge nulln 200nulldollarsnull null1nullnull nullnull01 null2nullnull nullnull61 nulleekly hours nullrked 2nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists Receipt of Fringe Benefits From Employment nullbles null and null shonullthe receipt of fringe benefits for each of the participant groups. nullble null shonull an increase in the proportion of stillnullnrolled participants nullo received fringe nullb benefits. nullound the program enrollment time in nullnullnullnull percent of the mostly employed stillnullnrolled participants nullre receiving paid sicnull leave. null nullnullnullnull percent of the mostly employed stillnullnrolled participants nullre receiving paid sicnullleave. nullcreases in benefits for paid vacationnullhealth insurancenulland retirement accounts are also evident. nullre than onenullalf of the mostly employednullstillnullnrolled participants nullre receiving paid sicnullleavenullpaid vacationnulland health insurance. nulle share receiving retirement benefits did not change much after the first year. nulle improvement in benefits indicates that the mostly employednullstillnullnrolled participants nullre manullng modest advances in their employment benefits and nullb nullality during the tracnullng period. null nullth the Pnull data and the case manager intervienull contain employment status information. nullr ease in readingnullPnull data are used for the tenull. nullr full datanullnullich includes the information gathered from the case manager intervienullnullsee nullpendinullnull nullble null shonull the employment status for the stillnullnrolled participants in the Pnull data during the tracnullng period. null

25 nullmpared nullth the stillnullnrolled participants and enulltersnulla higher proportion of the graduates nullo nullre mostly employed during the tracnullng period nullre receiving fringe nullb benefits at program start. nullr enullmplenullnull percent nullre receiving health insurance at program start compared nullth null percent of the mostly employed enullters and null percent of the mostly employed stillnullnrolled participants nullable null and nullble nullnull null the time of graduationnullnull percent of the mostly employed graduates nullre reporting receipt of fringe benefits compared nullth less than null percent of the other enullters at their time of program enullt. nullusehold nullcome nullble null shonull the average annual household income close to enrollment nulln nullnull dollarsnullfor the stillnullnrolled participants as of nullnullnullgraduatesnulland other enullters. nullerage annual income around the time of program enrollment nulls the highest for graduates nullncluding those nullth no income at allnullat nullnullnullnulland increased to nullnullnullnullin their year of graduation nullhe percentile distribution of starting and ending income for graduates is also shonull in nullble nullnull nulle median starting income for graduates nulls nullnullnullnulland median ending income nulls nullnullnullnull nulle average annual income for nullS enullters increased by a much smaller marginnullfrom about nullnullnullnullin the first tracnullng year to nullnullnullnullin the year they left the program. nulle average income around the time of program enrollment for those still enrolled in the program in nullnull nulls nullnullnullnull lonullr than that of graduates but higher than that of other enullters. null the last point income nulls observednullthe average annual income of the stillnullnrolled participants nulls still higher than that of enullters nullnullnullnull vs. nullnullnullnullnullbut lonullr than Fringe nullnenull nullported nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null % null % null % null % Tanullle nullnullnull Pronullortion of nullostly nullmnullloyed nullnullnull of the 66 Stillnullnullnrolled Particinullantsnull nullrounull Renullorting Fringe nullenenullts Paid sick leanull 6 1null 1null null 20 null 2null null Paid nullcation 7 16 17 null 20 null 22 null Health insurance null 1null 1null null 22 null 22 null Retirement account null 7 10 2null null 21 null 21 nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists Fringe nullnenull nullported Graduates null nullnullnull Other Exiters null nullnullnull nullnull null End of Program Participation nullnull null End of Program Participation null % null % null % null % Tanulle nullnull Pronullrtion of nullstly nullnulloyed nullounullRenullrting Fringe nullnenulls Paid sick leanull 1null null 2null null 10 16 10 16 Paid nullcation 1null null 2null null 10 16 7 11 Health insurance 1null null 2null null 16 2null 11 17 Retirement account 17 null 1null null 7 11 null 6 nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists FSS Status at End of Tracking Period Starting nullcome nullnullnull nullst Onullerved nullcome nullnullnull Percentage Change null nullverage nullnual null nullcome nulln nullnull dollarsnull null nullverage nullnual null nullcome Tanulle nullnull Anullrage Annual Household nullcome for nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the Stillnullnrolled Particinullnts at Program nullrollment and nulld of the Tracking Period nulladuates null nullnullnull2 null nullnullnull0 6null Percentile nullstrinulltion Percentile nullstrinulltion 2nullh nullth 7nullh 2nullh nullth 7nullh null0null10 null7null0null nullnull2null null1nullnull null2null2null null2nullnull nulliters 6null null nullnullnull1 6null null nullnullnullnull 2 Still enrolled in FSS 66 null nullnull1null 66 null null0nullnull 11 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. HH = household. nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullistnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews

26 that of nullS graduates nullnullnullnullnull nulladuates sanullannual household incomes gronullby null percent during their time in nullSnull compared nullth an nullnullercent increase for those still enrolled in the program as of nullnull and a nullpercent increase for those nullo left nullS nullthout graduating. Participant checnullist data indicate that the income increased for graduates during the study period as a result of retaining employmentnullincreasing nullrnullhoursnulland increases in nullges over time. nullformation nulls not collected on the employment status of other household membersnullso the enullent that household income increases are a result of earnings from others in the household cannot be assessed. Of the graduates null percent nullre employed full time or part time at enrollmentnullcompared nullth null percent at the last observation point. nullr enulltersnullnull percent nullre employed at enrollment compared nullth null percent at the last observation point. nullerage incomes for the full tracnullng group null nullnullnull measured in Pnull data are shonull in nullpendinullnull Sources of Income nullble null shonull the sources of income for the stillnullnrolled participants at the four checnullist data collection points. nulle proportion of participants receiving nullnull declined from null percent at the beginning to nullpercent by the end of tracnullng periodnullnullich is consistent nullth manullng progress tonullrd nullS graduation. nullis trend can be attributed to the nullS gradua null tion renullirement that a family must stop receiving nullnull assistance for a period of null months to complete the nullP. nullr the stillnullnrolled participants in the program nullen the tracnullng period endednullthe proportion receiving income from earnings stayed around null percent during the tracnullng period although a slight drop occurred in nullnull nullee nullble nullnull nullpendinullnullcontains additional details about the income sources for the null stillnullnrolled families at various points during the tracnullng period. nullhigher proportion of the graduates nullre receiving income from employment tonullrd the end of program participation than at program start nullnullpercent compared nullth null percent at program startnull nulle proportion receiving nullnull income dropped from null percent at program start to nullpercent close to graduation nullable nullnull null contrastnullfenullr enullters nullre re null ceiving income from employment at program end than at program start. Receipt of nullnull income for enullters decreased nullrom null to null percentnull but not as much as it did for the graduates or for the stillnullnrolled participants. nullst nullS graduates stopped receiving nullnull benefits at least null months before they completed their nullS contract. Some nullnullof null graduatesnullnullre still participating in the Hnull program at the time of nullS program completion. nullthough participants can still be in the voucher program nullen they graduate from nullSnullall members of the household Percent nullceiving This Source of nullcome nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null % null % null % null % Tanulle nullnull Selected Sources of nullcome for Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts nullrned income nullmnulloymentnull null 6null null 67 null 67 null 62 Food Stamnullnullogram nullnenulls null null null null 26 null null null TAnull 17 26 1null 21 12 1null 6 null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists Percent nullceiving This Source of nullcome Graduates Exiters nullnull null End of Program Participation nullnull null End of Program Participation null % null % null % null % Tanulle nullnull Selected Sources of nullcome for FSS nulladuates and nulliters nullrned income nullmnulloymentnull 2null null null 7null null null 27 null Food Stamnullnullogram nullnenulls 17 null null 12 26 null 17 27 TAnull 6 1null 2 null 1null 2null 10 16 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists

27 have to be off nullnull null months before graduation from nullS. One scenario enullstsnullhonullvernullunder nullich the nullnullonth renullirement does not apply. null the income of the family has risen so that their share of the rent is enullal to or enulleeds the nullir nullrnullt Rent for the unit sinull for nullich they nullalifynullthen they are considered to have successfully completed the program. null null this casenullthey are eligible to receive their escronullbalance as long as no household member is receiving nullnull at the time of program completion. FSS Program Goalsnullnullterim Milestonesnulland Case Manager nullsessments nulle nenull three sections enullmine nullS program tracnullng study participantsnullenulleriences and provide comparisons across the three groups of participantsnullraduatesnullother enulltersnulland the stillnullnrolled participants. nulle first section compares the program goals set by the participantsnullthe achievement of interim milestonesnulland the case managersnullassessments of program success for each of the three groups of participants. nulle second section enullmines the service needs at program entry and the enullent to nullich these needs nullre fulfilled. nulle third section assesses the escronullaccumulation for each group is enullmined. Goals null the start of the programnullnullS participants nullrnulld nullth their case managers to establish goals that nullll result in employment. nullese goals are documented in the nullSP. Progress in achieving established goals is one indication that a family nullll eventually meet the obligations of the nullS nullP and graduate. nullble null shonull the proportion of the participants nulltill enrollednullgraduatesnulland enulltersnullfor each type of individual goal identified during the first year in nullS. nullmpleting education nulls the most common goal for the stillnullnrolled participantsnullestablished for null percent of the active participants. Obtaining employmentnullachieving homeonullershipnulland reducing debt nullre other commonly identi null fied goals. nullr graduatesnullachieving homeonullership nulls the most commonly identified goal nullnullpercentnull follonulld by completion of education nullnullpercentnull nullr other enulltersnullobtaining employment nullnullpercentnullnulls the most common goal and achieving homeonullership nulls the second most common goal nullnullpercentnull Type of nullterim Goals nulltive Participants Graduates Exiters nullmnullr of Participants nullth This Milestone nullnullnull Share of Stillnullnrolled Participants nullth This Milestone nullmnullr of Graduates nullth This Milestone nullnullnull Share of Graduates nullth This Milestone nullmnullr of nullngraduates nullth This Milestone nullnullnull Share of Exiters nullth This Milestone Tanulle nullnull nulldinulldual nullals nulltanullished in the First nullear of the FSS Program Comnullete education null 6null 21 null 20 null nulltain emnulloyment null null 20 null 2null null nullher nullnullain a drinullrnulls licensenull start a nullsinessnullimnullonull creditnullonullain a real estate licensenulletcnull 2null null 1null null 20 null Achienull homeonullershinull 2null null 2null 61 21 null Reduce denull 2null null 1null null 17 27 nulltain a nullnullnullth nulltter nullges 2null null null 20 1null 2null nulltanullish credit 17 26 6 1null 1null 2null nulltain a nullnullnullth nullnenulls 17 26 7 17 17 27 Comnullete training 1null 21 null 22 16 2null nullit TAnull 1null 21 null 12 11 17 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullurcenullnullnull0nullchecnullist null See null nullR Part nullnullnullnull

Unknown

28 Interim Milestones nulle case manager and nullS participant also agree on interim milestones related to employmentnullhomeonullershipnulldebt re null ductionnulleducationnulltrainingnulland enullting nullnull. nulllestones are to be completed each year to ensure progress in achieving nullS goals. null each subsenullent yearnullcase managers reported the number of participants nullth each interim milestone and the proportion nullo had accomplished the milestone for that year. nullble null shonull the attainment of interim milestones in nullnull for the stillnullnrolled participants and for the last year of program participation for graduates and other enullters. Of those stillnullnrolled participants in nullnullnullnull percent reported accomplishing their paynullaise milestonenulland null percent reported attaining their milestone of moving to a higher paying or othernullse better nullb. nulllonullr share nullnullpercentnull honullvernullattained their milestone of advancing in their nullb by moving to a better position. nullor more detailed information on achievement of interim milestones for the null participantsnullby year of nullS participationnullsee nullpendinullnull nullable nullnull. nullhigh proportion of graduates nulllose to null percent on most milestonesnullhad achieved their interim milestones by their last year in nullS. nullnullr enullters report having interim milestonesnulland generally lonullr proportions report achievement of their milestones. Case Manager Assessment nullch yearnullon the participant tracnullng checnullistsnullthe case managers nullrnullng nullth each of the families in the study nullre asnulld to assess the prospects for completing the nullS program successfully. nullcording to nullS case managersnull most participants still enrolled in the nullS program nullen tracnullng ended had good prospects of graduating nullable nullnull nullrlier in the tracnullng periodnullhonullvernullthe case managers had a more favorable assessment of linullly success for these participants. nullis less favorable assessment could renullct changes in their personal situations but could also be a result of the recessionnullnullich reduced prospects for sustained employment for many nullS participants. nullse manager assessment of the probability of program success for graduates improved over timenullnullth case managers reporting very good or enullellent graduation prospects for null percent of the graduatesnullcompared nullth null percent at the start of the program nullable nullnull nullr the stillnullnrolled participantsnullhonullvernullthe prospects nullrsened over time: null percent had very good or enullellent prospects compared nullth null percent at program start. nullthough the share nullth poor prospects increased over time for enulltersnullit is somenullat surprising thatnulleven in the last year of program participationnull case managers thought that graduation prospects for null percent of the enullters nullre enullellent. null the same timenullcase managers also said thatnullregardless of their progress in achieving their nullS goalsnulltheir employ null ment historynullor their escronullaccount balancenullthe participants continue to face challenges. nullst case managers report that lacnullof education and training is a manullr barrier to employmentnullas are family care obligationsnullincluding pregnancy. Other frenullently cited barriers include lacnullof motivationnullillnessnulldisabilitynullstress and annullety issuesnulllacnullof reliable transportationnulland being the sole caregiver for their children or other family members.

Milestone or Achievement Active Participants Graduates Exiters 2009 In Last Year of Program Participation In Last Year of Program Participation Numnullr nullth nullis Interim Milestone Numnullr Achieving nullis Interim Milestone Percentage Achieving nullis Interim Milestone Numnullr nullth nullis Interim Milestone Numnullr Achieving nullis Interim Milestone Percentage Achieving nullis Interim Milestone Numnullr nullth nullis Interim Milestone Numnullr Achieving nullis Interim Milestone Percentage Achieving nullis Interim Milestone nullanulle nullnull Milestones Attained in 2009 or the Last Year of FSS Program Participation Enroll in an education and training program? 32 1null null 12 3 2null 13 1 null nullmplete an education and training program? 29 1null null null null null null 2 null nulltain emplonullent? 30 22 null 10 9 90 9 null null Monull to a higher panullng or othernullse nulltter nullnull 19 12 null 12 10 null 3 1 33 Meet a nullnullretention goal? 2null 1null null 1null 13 null null 3 null Adnullnce in a nullnullnullromotion to a nenullpositionnull null 3 3null 10 9 90 1 1 100 nullceinull a panullraise? 1null 10 null 19 1null null 2 1 null FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull 29 Prospects for Graduation Active Participants Graduates Exiters 200null 2009 200null Last Year of Program Participation 200null Last Year of Program Participation N % N % N % N % N % N % nullanulle nullnull nullse Manager Assessment of Potential for FSS Program nullmpletion Enullellent 1null 2null 20 30 12 3null 2null null 1null 2null 12 21 nullernullgood 22 3null 12 1null 1null null 9 23 10 19 null null nullod 21 3null 1null 2null null 1null 3 null 1null 33 1null 2null Fair 2 3 null 12 1 3 2 null 9 1null 13 23 Poor 0 0 null 12 1 3 0 0 2 null 1null 2null Missing null null 0 null null null 2 null 9 null null null nullotal null 100 null 100 null 100 null 100 null 100 null 100 FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull

30 Services nulleded and nullceived nullis section discusses the services that families received during the tracnullng study. nulle first checnullistnullnullnullnullnull completed near the time of enrollmentnullnullestioned nullS case managers nullat service needs had been identified for each participant. Supportive service categories and definitions provided in HUD regulations null for nullS: childcarenulltransporta null tionnulleducationnullemploymentnullpersonal nulllfarenullhousehold snulllls and managementnulland counseling. Personal nulllfare is defined in the HUD regulations as substance and alcohol abuse treatment and counseling. Services in the nullducationnull category include referrals to the public school systemsnullcommunity collegesnulland universities for adult education programs in literacynullnullDnullbachelornull degrees in various disciplinesnullnullglish as a second languagenullnullitingnullbusiness communication snulllls nullral and nullittennull and nullternet and computer snulllls. Referrals also are made to client support and enhancement funds or scholarship funds to assist nullth college tuitionnullboonullnullchildcarenulland public transportation. nullthernullservices offered by housing agencies through public and private partner agencies include healthnullmental healthnull nutritionnulldietnullnullight controlnullsmonullng cessationnullchildrennull immuninulltionsnulland nullrnullhops in small business develop null mentnullparentingnulllife snullllsnullhousehold snullllsnullcredit managementnullbudgetingnulland homeonullership. nullble null shonull the proportion of nullS graduatesnullother enulltersnulland stillnullnrolled participants recorded as needing each type of service nullen they entered the program. nullunselingnullemployment related servicesnulland education nullre the most common service needs identified for nullS tracnullng group families in the studynull first year. nullr the stillnullnrolled participantsnullcounselingnullemployment related servicesnulland education nullre the most commonly cited service needs at every nullve. Over timenullservice receipt for the stillnullnrolled participants improved in all categories nullable nullnull nullre than null percent of those nullth any service need had received the service by the second year of program Type of Service nulltive Participants nullth a Service nulled null nullnullnull Graduates nullth a Service nulled null nullnullnull Exiters nullth a Service nulled null nullnullnull null % null % null % Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds nullentinulld at Time of FSS Program nulltry Counseling null 7null null null null 6null nullucation null null 1null null null null nullnulloyment null null 16 null null null Household skills and management null null 1null null 16 2null nullher 1null 2null 7 17 1null 2null Personal nulllfare 1null 27 7 17 12 1null Transnullrtation 10 1null null 10 null null Childcare null 12 null 12 null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullnullnull0nullchecnullist null null nullR Part nullnullnullnull Type of Service Participants in nullnull Participants in nullnull nullth Service nulleds nullceiving Service nullceiving Service nullth Service nulleds nullceiving Service nullceiving Service null null % null null % Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds and Sernullce Receinull at Time of FSS Program nulltry and in 200nullfor Actinull Particinullnts Counseling null 22 null null null 7null nullucation null 20 null null null null nullnulloyment null 1null null null 27 null Household skills and management null 1null null null 2null null nullher 1null 7 null null null 100 Personal nulllfare 1null null null 10 null null Transnullrtation 10 null null 16 1null null Childcare null null 6null 1null 1null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullists

31 participation. null the fourth year of program participationnullin nullnullnullthis share nulls more than null percent for most service categories. nullor more detailed information on service receipt compared nullth service needs for the null participantsnullby year of nullS participationnullsee nullpendinullnull nullable nullnullnull nullth the enulleption of transportation needsnullthe receipt of services also improved in all categories for graduates. null the final year of the program more than null percent of graduates received the services they renullested nullable nullnull nullth the enulleption of transportationnullelated service needsnulla greater share of enullters nullre receiving renullested services in the last year of the program than at the program start nullable nullnull Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds and Sernullce Receinull at Time of FSS Program nulltry and in 200nullfor nulladuates Counseling null 1null null 2null 21 7null nullucation 1null 10 67 1null 1null 6null nullnulloyment 16 null null 21 16 76 Household skills and management 1null 11 61 1null 1null null nullher 7 2 2null 6 null 67 Personal nulllfare 7 null 71 2 2 100 Transnullrtation null null 7null null 2 null Childcare null null 60 7 6 null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists Type of Service Participants in nullnull Participants in nullst nullear of Program nullth Service nulleds nullceiving Service nullceiving Service nullth Service nulleds nullceiving Service nullceiving Service null null % null null % Tanulle nullnull Sernullce nulleds and Sernullce Receinull at Time of FSS Program nulltry and in 200nullfor nulliters Counseling null 10 2null 2null 1null null nullucation null 10 null 27 10 null nullnulloyment null 10 2null null 1null null Household skills and management 16 7 null 12 7 null nullher 1null 7 null null null null Personal nulllfare 12 null null null null null Transnullrtation null 0 0 2 0 0 Childcare null 1 20 2 1 null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists Type of Service Participants in nullnull Participants in nullst nullear of Program nullth Service nulleds nullceiving Service nullceiving Service nullth Service nulleds nullceiving Service nullceiving Service null null % null null % Escrow nullcount One of the most important benefits of the nullS program is the opportunity to accrue money using the nullS escronull account. nullst families receiving housing assistance pay null percent of their adnullsted income for rent and utilities. null nullth all Hnull recipientsnullnullen the incomes of nullS participants risenulltheir rents increase. nulle escronullcredit is based on increases in earned income and is deposited each month into an interestnullearing escronullaccount managed by the PHnull Since the increase is enullal to the credit received in the escronullaccount the net change in rent is nullro if the participants successfully complete the program. Upon program graduationnullthe escronullaccount balance is disbursed for use at the graduatenull discretion. nullcording to nullS coordinators and case managersnullmost of the programs in the study do not nullep records on honullnullS graduates use the escronullfunds. Despite this lacnullof datanullnullen asnulld to consider nullS participants overall nullot nullst those in the tracnullng studynull case managers concluded that homeonullership is a common use for the nullS escronullaccount. nullr the tracnullng study familiesnullcase managers said that some graduates used their escronullaccount funds to defray the costs of education and training and some to pay off debts and improve their credit. Only four tracnullnull

32 Escrow Account—Program Graduates and Other Exiters nullhe average escronull balance at the time of graduation nullas about nullnullnullnullnullnull. nullhis balance level is more than tnullice the average escronullaccount balance for other enullters at the time they left the programnullnullnullnull. null nullpendinullnull nullable nullnull provides a list of the positive escronullbalances reported by program graduates at the time of graduation. nulle accumulated funds in the accounts represent a substantial boost to the assets of the program graduates and confirm the opportunity for significant savings for participating families. nulle accumulated escronullsavings for graduates represent about null percent of their total annual income at the time they nullined nullS. nullnual income at program entry nulls nullnullnullnullfor graduates. nulle savings accumulated through the escronullfar enulleed nullat most families might have been able to save on their onull had they not been part of the nullS program. Escrow Account—Still-Enrolled Participants nullst nullnullpercentnullof the null nullS participants nullo nullre still enrolled in nullS at the end of the study had positive escronull balances nullable nullnull Only null participants in this group nullnullpercent of the stillnullnrolled participantsnulldid not have an escronullbalance at the time of the final case manager intervienull null nullpendinullnull detailed information is provided about the distribution of the escronullaccount balances for the null participants nullth positive escronullbalances nullen the study ended. nulle percentage of active participants nullth an escronullaccount increased during the most recent tracnullng yearsnulln nullnullnullnull percent of active participants had a positive escronull balancenullcompared nullth null percent of active nullS participants in nullnull. nulle participants nullth positive escronullaccounts sanullthe balances in the accounts gronullduring the tracnullng period. nulle average escronullbalance rose from nullnull in the first year of the program to almost nullnullnull in nullnull nullable nullnull null additionnull the number of participants nullth positive balances grenullfrom nullin the first year to null in nullnull. null null nullS participants nullo enullt the program nullthout completing the nullP must forfeit the accrued escronull null nullr information gathered from the case manager intervienullnullsee nullpendinullnull nullro Escrow nulllance Positive Escrow nullcount nulllance Tanulle nullnull nullcronullAccount nulllance at the nulld of the Tracking Period for the 66 Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts nullnull10 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull Anullrage nulllancenullnullnull16 Rangenullnullnull17nullnull nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullist and null0nullinternullew null Participants nullth a Positive Escrow nulllance null % nullverage Escrow nulllance for Participants nullth a Positive nulllance nulln nullnull dollarsnull Tanulle nullnull nullcronullnulllance for FSS Tracking Study Particinullnts nulladuates null null null nullnullnull nullher enullters 6null null null nullnullnull Stillnullnrolled nullrticinullnts 66 null null nullnull16 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0null ing study families purchased a home nullut not all case managers provided information about homeonullershipnull Of the programsnullnull also allonullparticipants to tanull interim escronullaccount disbursements for limited purposesnullusually related to things linull tuitionnullsupplies for schoolnullor car repairs. Escrow Balance at End of Program Participation nullble null shonull the average escronullaccount balance at the end of program participation for graduates and other enullters and the lastnullnonull escronullaccount balance for the stillnullnrolled participants.

33 Patterns in Escrow Accumulation nullcause the escronullbalance is established nullen a participantnull earned income increasesnullthose that are most linullly to benefit are those nullo enter the nullS program nullth lonullearnings or that are unemployed and then enullerience increases in earned income. Previous research has shonull that nullnull recipients reaching their nulllfare limits nullo are also voucher holders often are able to accumulate escronullnullicnully in the nullS program as they go from a period of unemployment to employment. null null additionnullnullnull participants have access to supportive services from local nullnull agencies in the areas of educationnulltrainingnulland nullb development. nullis access to supportive servicesnullcoupled nullth the escronullaccountnullcan help nullnull participants achieve selfnullufficiency. null Such participants can establish escronullsavings more nullicnully than a participant nullo is employed nullen he or she begins nullS and nullose earnings and monthly rent increase more gradually or by smaller amounts. nullr stillnullnrolled nullS participants nullo had escronullbalances greater than nullnullnull in nullnullnullthis study enullmined their employment status and income around the time they enrolled in the nullS program nullable nullnull nulle pattern in the table suggests that nullS participants achieve substantial escronullbalances in three nullys: nullnullsome start nullth fullnullime nullrnulland a relatively high income and their income continues to gronull nullnullsome nullre unemployed at program start and become employednulland nullnullothers start nullth partnullime nullrnulland lonullincome and then enullerience substantial gains in income. nullese situations are highlighted in nullble null. null nullcording to Sard nullnullnullnullthis is particularly true in states nullth earnings disregards in their nullnull programs. Sardnullnullrbara. nullnull. The Family Self-Sufficiency Program—HUD’s Best Kept Secret for Promoting nullployment annullnullset nullonullhnull nullshingtonnullDnull nullnter on nulldget and Policy Priorities. null nullcnullnullRobert nullnulland nulldrea Piesse. nullnull nullprilnull nullaluation of the Family Self-Sufficiency Programnullnulltrospectinull nullalysisnullnullnull to nullnull . Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development by nullstat. nullshingtonnullDnull U.S. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentnullOffice of Policy Development and Research. Employment Status nullnullnull Total nullcome in nullnull nulln nullnull dollarsnull Change in Status nullnullnull Total nullcome nullnullnull Escrow nulllance Tanulle nullnull nullding nullcronullnulllancenullnull nullnulloyment Status and nullcome at Program Start for Actinull FSS Particinullnts nullth nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater Than nullnull00 Full time null2nullnull null null1null1null nullnullnull null0null1null null nullnullnull0 nullnull6null null0nullnull null null0null00 nullnull6null nullnull1null null null1nullnull nullnull00 null0nullnull null null2null72 nullnull22 null6null00 null null6nullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull6 null null0nullnull nullnull2null nullnull1null null nullnull010 null7nullnull Part time null2nullnull nulles null1null00 nullnull6null nullnull6null nulles null nullnullnull nullnullnullnull null null2null22 null1nullnull nullt emnulloyed nullnull00 nulles null1nullnull nullnull0null nullnullnull nulles null1nullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nulles nullnullnull7 nullnullnullnull nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullnull0nullinternullew nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull Tanullle nullnullnull Changes in nullscronull Account nullalances for FSS Particinullants nullith Positinulle nullscronulls as of Senulltemnuller 200null nulln 200nullnullllarsnull Anullrage escronullaccount nulllance null66 nullnull nullnullnull nullnull6null nullmnullr of nullonulle nullth nullsitinull escronullnulllances null null null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists

34 nullterim nullthdrawals nullterim escronullaccount nullthdranullls are allonulld by regulationnullbut each nullS program has discretion over nullether or not to allonullinterim nullthdranullls and in determining the conditions to allonullfor such nullthdranullls. nullamples of the allonullble uses of interim disbursements established by programs are higher educationnullnullb trainingnullbusiness startup enullensesnulland vehicle maintenance. Data for the null stillnullnrolled participants nullthout an escronullaccount as of nullnull indicate that these participants had never had an escronullbalance at any point during the tracnullng period. null nulls not that an escronullaccount had been established and depleted through interim nullthdranullls. nullr the enulltersnulldata nullre checnulld to see if interim nullthdranullls nullre made close to the time of program enulltnulland this trend nulls also not found to be present. Tanulle nullnull nullding nullcronullnulllancenullnull nullnulloyment Status and nullcome at FSS Program Start for nulladuates nullth nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater Than nullnull00 Employment Status nullnullnull Total nullcome in nullnull nulln nullnull dollarsnull Change in Status nullnullnull Total nullcome nullnullnull Escrow nulllance Full time null6null1null null null1null6null nullnull67null nullnull02null null null6nullnull nullnull1null nullnullnull0 null null7nullnull null1nullnull nullnull16null null null2nullnull null1null7null nullnull061 null nullnullnull0 nullnullnull nullnullnullnull null null0nullnull nullnullnull nullnullnullnull null nullnull217 nullnullnull Part time null0null67 nulles null1null2null nullnullnull0 nullt emnulloyed null1null6null nulles null6nullnull nullnull77 nullnull0null nulles null7null60 nullnull77 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullnull0nullinternullews Tanulle nullnull nullding nullcronullnulllancenullnull nullnulloyment Status and nullcome at FSS Program Start for nullher nulliters nullth nullding nullcronullnulllances nulleater Than nullnull00 Employment Status nullnullnull Total nullcome in nullnull nulln nullnull dollarsnull Change in Status nullnullnull Total nullcome nullnullnull Escrow nulllance in nullst Case Manager nullterview nullfore Exit Full time nullnullnull2 nulles null2null00null nullnull0null null7nullnull null null0nullnullnull nullnull22 nullnullnull0 nullssing nullnull nullnull0null Part time null1null0null nulles nullnull2null nullnull66 nullnullnull1 nulles null6null62null nullnull1null nullnullnull null null6null6nullnull nullnull62 nullt emnulloyed nullnull16 nulles nullnull2nullnull nullnull7null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nulleft program nullluntarily. nullAsnulld to leanull the program. nullnullorted out of the area. nullurcenullnullnull0nulland nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullcase manager internullews Similarlynullfor graduates nullth escronullbalances greater than nullnullnull in the year of graduationnullthe study enullmined employ null ment status and income around the time they enrolled in the nullS program and at graduation nullable nullnull nullst graduates nullth high escronullbalances nullre employed full time at both program start and endnullalthough a couple of graduates did go from being unemployed at the beginning of the program to fullnullime employment in their final year of program participation. nullhe study loonulled at employment and income at program start and end for enulliters nullith escronull balances greater than nullnullnullnullnullnull. Of the enulliters seven had abovenullaverage escronull account balances nullnullable nullnullnull. Of these seven enullitersnull three left voluntarilynull three nullre asnulld to leave the programnulland one used the portability features of the voucher program to leave the area.

35 Escrow nullcount Compared nullth Other Savings Programs null put nullS escronullamounts for program graduates in contenullnullthe amounts in the escronullaccounts are compared them nullth nulldividual Development nullcounts nullDnullnull nullnull are personal savings accounts that encourage participants to save for specific purposes linull the purchase of a homenullbusiness onullershipnullor postnullecondary education. nullnull are intended to promote asset accumulation and selfnullufficiency by providing account holders incentives to save. nullcount holders receive matching funds nullen they manull permitted account nullthdranullls. nullnull differ in important nullys from nullS escronullaccounts: they are funded through monthly participant deposits and matching funds are provided only nullen an eligible nullthdranulll is made. On the other handnullthe nullS escronullaccount is funded through an escronullcredit that is calculated by the housing agency as a participantnull earned income increasesnullbut participants do not manull deposits to the nullS escronullaccount on their onull. nulle nullS escronullaccount provides a mecha null nism for lonullincome families to accumulate savingsnullbut it functions primarily as an incentive to nullrnulland increase earnings. nullother important difference betnullen the tnull programs is that the use of the nullS escronullaccount program completion is not restrictednullas is the case for most matched nullnullnullthdranullls. nullnullprograms typically renullire participants to complete tnull types of training before becoming eligible to receive a matched account nullthdranulll: nullnullfinancial education or financial literacy trainingnulland nullnulladditional training specific to the intended use of the funds nullor enullmplenullhomeonullership counselingnullentrepreneurial trainingnullor career counseling for those using the nullnullto fund postnullecondary educationnull null the nullsets for nulldependence nullnullnullprogramnullthe largest federally funded nullnullprogramnullgrantees had considerable latitude to design programs to meet local recipientnull needs. null

nulll programs nullre renullired to establish a savings agreement plan and to provide financial literacynullbut the length of the course and specific content could vary from program to program. Some nullnullprograms also provided nullnullparticipants nullth case management and referrals to social services such as childcare assistancenulltransportation assistancenullor crisis interventionnullbut the intensity of case management nulls found to vary substantially in a process analysis conducted of the nullnullprogram. null Despite the differences in the tnull policy interventionsnullit is useful to consider the escronullsavings accumulated by nullS program graduates in the contenull of the asset building enulleriences of nullnullaccount holders. nullnullyear longitudinal study of nullnullnullnullparticipants in the nullnullprogram found that at the end of nullyears cumulative deposits in the accounts averaged nullnull. null nullnullng into account average monthly earnings and the amount of matched and unmatched account nullthdranulllsnullthe study calculated a net savings rate of nullnullpercent nullhis calculation counts matched and unmatched nullthdranulllsnulland a nullnullgrossnullavings rate nullanullng account of unmatched nullthdranulllsnull nullerage annual income for the nullnullparticipants nulls similarnullbut slightly lonullrnullthan for nullS graduates at program entry nullverage income for nullnull participants nulls nullnullnullnullnullmanullng these tnull groups fairly comparable. nulle amount accumulated in the nullS escronull account is substantially greater than the savings achieved through this nullnullprogram. On the other handnullthe longer term assetnulluilding outcomes for families using the nullS escronullaccount are less certain than for nullnullparticipantsnullbecause the nullS funds are unrestricted. nulle specific uses nullS graduates made of the escronullaccount are unnullonull. Unlinull the nullnullprogram the escronullaccount does not provide an incentive to save. Prospects for Completing FSS nullong the Stillnullnrolled Participants Previously in this reportnullthe perceptions of nullS case managers nullre discussed concerning the linulllihood that the stillnullnrolled participants nulluld graduate from nullS. nullis section considers employment enulleriencenullescronullaccount balancesnulland household income of this group to assess the potential for the stillnullnrolled participants to eventually complete the program. null nullformation in this section is tanulln from the nullsets for nulldependence nullaluation completed in nullnull. See nullllsnullnullegorynullet al. nullnull. nullsets for nullnullpennullnce nulltnullnullpact StunullnullFinal nullport . nullshingtonnullDnull U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. null nullllsnullet al. nullnullnull. null nullllsnullet al. nullnullnull.

36 null enullectednullthose in the steadily employed group are faring better than those nullo are mostly unemployed. nullble null nullnull

shonull thatnullnot only does the steadily employed group have higher annual household incomes than the unemployed groupnullthey also have greater increases in household income over time compared nullth those nullo are mostly unem null ployed. null nullble null also shonull that those nullth positive escronullbalances have higher annual household incomes than those nullth nullro escronullbalances. nullthin group yearnullonullear income gainsnullhonullvernullare small. Mostly Employed Through the Tracking Period Mostly nullemployed Through the Tracking Period Tanulle nullnull nullnulloyment nullnullriences and nullding nullcronullStatus nullro escronullat end of tracking nullriod null nullrticinullntsnull This situation is rarenullnullth of these nullrticinullnts started FSS nullth annual incomes much higher than the anullr null age and nullre emnulloyed steadily throughout the tracking nullriodnullnullth enullerienced declines in annual incomesnull nullich enulllains nully no escronullfunds nullre accruednullCase managers said nullth of these nullrticinullnts nullre enullellent nullosnullcts for graduating from FSSnull null nullrticinullntsnull These nullrticinullnts nullre mostly unemnulloyed throughout the tracking nullriod and had no escronullaccumulationnull This grounulldoes not anullear to null nullrsuing education and trainingnullnullich could enulllain this nulltternnull Positinull escronull at end of tracking nullriod null1 nullrticinullntsnull These nullrticinullnts nullre emnulloyed during most of the tracking nullriod and had steadily gronullng escronullnulll null ancesnullCase managers said that more than onenullalf of this grounullnullre enullellent or nullry good nullosnullcts for graduat null ing from FSSnull nullnullnullrticinullntsnull These nullrticinullnts nullre mostly unemnulloyed throughout the tracking nullriod and had lonullnullstagnant escronullnulll null ancesnullCase managers said that nullof the 1nullnullonulle in this grounull honullnullrnullnullre enullellent or nullry good nullosnullcts for graduating from FSSnull nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullistsnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews Tanulle nullnull Anullrage Annual Household nullcome null nullnulloyment and nullcronullnullounull nulln 200nullnullllarsnull nullstly emnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull null null0null61 null1null7null null2null0null nullnull0null nullstly emnulloyednullnullro escronull 2 nullnullnull6 null2nullnull nullnull660 null7nullnull nullstly unemnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull 1null nullnullnull0 nullnullnull2 null1null0null nullnullnull0 nullstly unemnulloyednullnullro escronull null null0nullnull nullnull60 nullnullnull nullnull1null nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull Tanulle nullnull Annual Household nullcome for nullnulloyment and nullcronullnullounull for Actinull FSS Particinullnts nulln 200nullnullllarsnull nullstly emnulloyed null null0nullnull null1null1null nullnull01null nullnullnull0 nullstly unemnulloyed 2null nullnull22null null2null77 nullnullnull null2null61 Positinull escronull null nullnull7null nullnullnullnull nullnull76null null1nullnull nullro escronull 10 nullnull0null nullnullnullnull nullnullnullnull null0null2null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnullnull0null nullnull07nullnullnull0null and nullnull0nullchecnullists null nullformation gathered from case manager intervienull are available in nullpendinullnull null nullr information on both case manager intervienull and Pnull datanullsee nullpendinullnull null nullr case manager intervienulldatanullsee nullpendinullnull null distributed the null stillnullnrolled participants into the four categories nullee nullble nullnullbased on their employment enulleriences in the tracnullng period and their escronullaccount balance at the end of the tracnullng period. null also loonulld at the average household incomes across the escronulland employment categories. nullose nullth steady employment and positive escronullbalancesnullas enullectednullhave higher annual household incomes nullable nullnull nulle tnull participants nullo are mostly employed throughout the tracnullng period nullthout an escronullbalance have on average much higher incomes than the other groups of participants. nulle mostly unemployed groups nullith both nullro and positive escronull had lonullaverage incomes during the tracnullng period. null

37 nullnullng into account escronull employmentnullannual incomesnulland case manager assessmentsnullit seems linullly that null of the null stillnullnrolled participants nullhose in the steadily employed groupnullare nullll positioned to complete their nullP and graduate from the nullS program nullthin their nullS contract timeframenullappronullmately nullyear. nullis group had lonullr initial income than nullS graduates. nullile their annual incomes increased during the tracnullng periodnullthe percentage increase nulls lonullr than for the graduates. nullis seems to indicate that those in the program longer than the graduates are manullng slonullr progressnullbut many are manullng steady gains in employment and escronullbalances and in meeting nullS goalsnullnullich may bode nullll for their eventual success. null summarinullnulla higher proportion of nullS graduates nullre employed at the beginning of the tracnullng period than enullters or the stillnullnrolled participants. null a consenullencenullgraduates started out in nullS nullth higher incomes than either group. nulle stillnullnrolled participants had larger households and more dependents than graduates or other enullters. nullr educational attainment they nullre more linull graduates. Staying employed and increasing their incomes helped graduates accumulate average escronullbalances in enulless of nullnullnull. Other enulltersnullby contrastnulldid not accumulate as much escronull and nullre linullly to leave the program earlier than graduates. nullre than onenullalf of the stillnullnrolled participants appear to be on tracnullto graduate. nullapter nulluses multivariate regression analysis to enulllore participant and program character null istics that appear to innullence the linulllihood of graduation rather than leaving nullthout success.

38 nullis chapter enullmines the relationship betnullen the graduation of nullS participants and their individual and program characteristics. nullcompeting risnullhanullrd analysis nulls conducted to enullmine the association betnullen participant and program characteristics and the time to graduationnullaccounting for program enullts and for the fact that final outcomes nullre not observed for the stillnullnrolled participants. nulle study is not an enullerimental evaluation of nullS and is not designed to assess the effects of nullS for program participants relative to a control group that does not receive nullS. null a resultnullthis analysis cannot help us reach conclusions about nullat caused the outcomes for the families in the study. nullverthelessnullan enullloratory analysis of the characteristics associated nullth graduation for these nullS participantsnullin a multivariate framenullrnull provides initial ansnullrs to tnull nullestions: null nullat participant characteristics nullocioeconomic and demographicnullat the time of program enrollment are associated nullth nullS program graduationnull null nullat program characteristicsnullsuch as caseload sinull or frenullency of meetings nullth the case managernullif changednull could increase the linulllihood of nullS program graduationnull nullapter nulldiscusses the hypothesinulld associations betnullen selected participant and program characteristics and nullS program graduationnullpresent summary descriptive statistics for the selected enulllanatory variables in the regression modelsnulland discusses the model methodology and findings. nullnullnullpothesinulld Effects nullo factors that innullence participant outcomes in nullS are the participantnull situation nullen they first nullin the program and nullat the nullS program itself can offer that might put them on a positive path to graduation. Prior research has enullmined the linnullbetnullen nullS graduation and characteristics of the participant and program. nullthony nullnullnull used a multivariate logistic regression model to enullmine nullS graduation for a group of nullS participants in the Rocnullordnull nulllinois nullS program. He found that adults betnullen null and null years of age at program enrollment nullre more linullly to graduate than those less than null or more than null. He also found that participants nullo nullre single at program entry nullre more linullly to graduate that those nullo nullre not. null additionnullacnullisition of nenullsnulllls nullile in the programnulla high school diploma at program entrynulland higher income at program entry nullre also found to be significantly associated nullth program graduation. null Race of the participantnullsnulllls at program startnullprior nullrnullenulleriencenulltime spent nullth the casenullrnullrnulland length of time in the program nullre not found to be significant. nulle analysis considered the follonullng participant characteristics: agenullgendernullracenullincomenullemployment statusnull educationnullnumber of dependentsnullnullnull participation statusnulland the case managernull perception of barriers to program success around the time of program enrollment. nullery yearnullas part of the participantnullracnullng checnullistnullthe case manager nulls asnulld about the participantnull prospects for program graduation and for the case manager perception of barriers the participant faced to completing the nullS program. nullese barriers included lacnullof motivationnullfailure to nullep appointments nullth casenullrnullrnullfailure to meet interim milestonesnulllacnullof childcarenullcaregiver responsibilities for family member nullth disabilitiesnullphysical or mental health disabilitiesnullsubstance abusenulldomestic violencenulllacnullof transportationnullor lacnullof nullb snulllls or enullerience. nulle model only considered the most commonly reported barriers to program completionnullas perceived by the case manager around the time of program start. nullese barriers nullre childcarenull lacnullof transportationnulland lacnullof nullb snulllls or enullerience. null Other factors that affect graduation may enullstnullactors null nullthonynullnullrry. nullnull nulleptembernull nullamily Selfnullufficient Programs: null nullaluation of Program nullnefits and nullctors nullfecting Participantsnull Successnull Urnulln nullfairs nullnullenull null nullnull nullnullnull null nullse managers nullre asnulld nullether each family in the tracnullng group faced a specific list of barriers to completing nullS and improving selfnull sufficiency at enrollment and each subsenullent year. One barrier on the list nulls childcare. null did not collect details regarding the specific nature of the childcare problems.

39 that these barrier data do not capture. nullr enullmplenullsome participantsnullalthough they are not employed at program startnull might enullect their incomes to gronullin the future. nullis enullectation could be a motivating factornullboth for nullining the program and for graduationnullbecause of the escronullbenefit derived from income gronullh. Highly motivated participants are probably more linullly to stay nullth the program and eventually graduate. Program characteristics that can be hypothesinulld to affect honullnullll participants fare are nullS caseload sinullnullfrenullency of contact nullth of case managernullnullS program sinullnulland nullether the nullS program sinull nulls enullected to increase during the year follonullng nullS coordinator intervienull. nullr frenullency of meetings nullth the case manager and nullether or not the program nulls enullected to enullandnullcasenullanager data nulls used from the nullnull nullS coordinator intervienull. nulle average caseload sinull of PHnullcase managers from the nullnull nullS coordinator intervienullnullnulls also used. nulle number of partici null pants found in nullnull Pnull data determines nullS program sinull. Participantnullevel characteristics that might be enullected to have a negative association nullth program graduation are agenullgendernulland presence of dependents. Older participants might be less linullly to graduate because they might face discrimination in the nullb marnullt. Older participants might have more years of nullb enullerience but may have also been unemployed longer. nullmale participants might have childcare responsibilitiesnulland participants nullth more dependents might have more family obligations than participants nullth fenullr dependents. nullis additional responsibility might limit the time a participant has available to obtain nullb trainingnullgo bacnullto schoolnullor loonullfor a nullb. Problems nullth childcare nullocating childcare or paying for childcarenull lacnullof transportationnulland lacnullof nullb snulllls or enullerience can also be enullected to have a negative affect on program graduationnullbecause all these barriers restrict participant potential for obtaining and retaining employment. nulle hypothesinulld relationship betnullen income and employment at program enrollment to participant success is some null nullat ambiguous. On the one handnullhigher income and employment might be an indicator of a participantnull capabilitiesnull level of motivationnulland nullb snulllls. nullployed participants might do better than those nullo are not employed because having held a nullb manulls it easier to find a better paying nullb. nullnverselynullthose nullthout a nullb at program entry might have more time to attend education and training programs and derive a larger escronullbenefit from participation if they become employed. High school completion and being on nullnull at program entry can be enullected to have a positive as null sociation nullth program graduation. nullhigh school education might be the prerenullisite for certain nullbs. nullrnullng nullnull participants have access to service netnullrnull and case management through local nulllfare agencies. null nulle relationship of program graduation to the sinull of the nullS program could go either nully. nulllarger program sinull could mean less consistent case management and limited resources to go around. Larger programs may have more resources and staffnullhonullvernulland may place greater importance on the program. nullseload sinull might be enullected to have a nega null tive association nullth graduation. Larger caseloads might prevent case managers from giving participants the individual time and attention they need. nullenullency of meetings nullth participants can be enullected to have a positive effect on graduation. Regular meetings nullth the participant might indicate close follonullup on participant progress and timely attention to participant needs through access or referrals to supportive services in the community. nullble null summarinulls the participant and program level variables considered in the regressionsnulltheir specification and source of datanulland the direction of the hypothesinulld relationship. nullble null provides the descriptive statistics for the enulllanatory variables. null Of nullnullnullS tracnullng study participantsnullnull nullre still enrolled in the nullS program at the end of the tracnullng period and nullnullleft the program during the tracnullng null Sardnullnullrbara. nullnull. The Family Self-Sufficiency Program—HUD’s Best Kept Secret for Promoting nullployment annullnullset nullonullh . nullshing null tonnullDnull nullnter on nulldget and Policy Priorities. null Out of the nullnullparticipantsnullnullnullre missing data on years of schoolingnullracenullor number of dependents. nullese data nullre not collected in the checnullist data and nullre missing in Pnull. null imputed the values for these missing variables nullth single stochastic imputation using the PROnullnull command in Snull. nullis method utilinulls manullmum linulllihood estimation based on all available information to predict the missing value and then adds a random perturbation to the predicted value.

40 nullarianulle nullarianulle Specinullation and nullta Source Expected nullrection of nulllationship Tanulle nullnull Hynullthesinulld nullfects of FSS Particinullnt and Program Characteristics on nulladuation nullnullnullsuccessful nullit null of 2null Participant Characteristics Age at enrollment nulln yearsnull Continuous nullrianulle nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist in nullAnull 06null nullgativenull nullounger nullrticinullnts might hanull an easier time nullding a nullnull nullder nullrticinullnts might hanull more nullrk enullerience nullt could face more discrimination in the nullnullmarketnull nullnder Femalenullale 1 nullFemale 0 nullnullle nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist in nullAnull 06null nullgativenull Female nullrticinullnts tend to null single nullrents nullth childcare resnullnsinulllitiesnullnullich might limit their time for training or nullnullsearchnull nullcome at enrollment nulln null00snull Continuous nullrianulle nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist in nullAnull 06null nulldeterminatenull Particinullnts nullth higher incomes at nullogram enrollment might do nulltter in FSS nullcause they hanull already shonull some nullancial stanulllitynullnullt those nullth higher incomes might also leanull the nullogram nullluntarily nullcause the nulltential for sunulltantial gronullh in escronullis less for them than it is for nullrticinullnts nullo onullain a nullnullafter enrolling in FSSnull Receinullng some income from TAnull at enrollment nulldicator nullrianulle 1 nullReceinullng some TAnull income 0 nullnullt receinullng any TAnull income nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist in nullAnull 06null Positivenull TAnull recinullents at nullogram enrollment might null enullected to hanull sunulltantial incentinull to graduate nullcause they hanull the nulltential to accumulate escronullnullickly as they go to nullrknullAlsonullTAnull recinullents hanull access to social sernullce netnullrks through the local nulllfare agencies and can also get case management through these agenciesnull nullnulloyed nullart time or full timenullat enrollment nullesnullo nullrianulle 1 nullnullnulloyed full time or nullrt time at nullogram enrollment 0 nullnullemnulloyed nullrom nullst nullrticinullnt tracking checklist in nullAnull 06null nulldeterminatenull Hanullng nullior nullrk enullerience may indicate nulltter skills and greater nulltential to sustain emnulloyment in the future and to increase earningsnullnull the other handnullnullrticinullnts nullo are unemnulloyed at nullogram entry might derinull more nullnenull from the escronulland might hanull more time anullilanulle for education and training actinulltiesnull High school graduate nullesnullo nullrianulle 1 nullnulladuated from high school or has onullained a nullchelornulls or higher degree nullomnulleted 12 or more years of educationnull 0 nullnullss than 12 years of education nullrom earliest anullilanulle Pnull record for the nullrticinullntnull Positivenull Particinullnts nullth nullnull or high school dinullomas hanull a nulltter chance of nullding a nullnullthan those nullo hanull not comnulleted high schoolnullParticinullnts nullo do not hanull a high school dinulloma or nullnullmight need to get that nullstnullnullich can take time anully from looking for a nullnull Race nullesnullo nullrianulle 1 nullAfrican American 0 nullnullher racenullincluding nullitenullAsiannull etcnull nullrom earliest anullilanulle Pnull record for the nullrticinullntnull nulldeterminatenull nullmnullr of denullndents Continuous nullrianulle nullrom earliest anullilanulle Pnull record for the nullrticinullntnull nullgativenull Childcare resnullnsinulllities or hanullng to take care of an elderly relatinull can limit the time anullilanulle for educationnulltrainingnull and nullnullsearchnull At time of enrollmentnullcase manager renullrted nullrrier to nullogram comnulletion nullhildcarenulltransnullrtationnull lack of nullnullskills or enulleriencenull Three nullesnullo nullrianulles nullor childcarenull transnullrtationnulland lack of nullnullskills or enulleriencenull 1 nullParticinullnt faces this nullrrier 0 nullCase manager internullenulldid not identify nullrriers nullrom Cnullinternullenull nullgativenull Particinullnts facing nullrriers such as cost or anullilanulllity of childcare or transnullrtationnullor lack of nullnullskillsnullare less likely to graduate nullcause they nulluld hanull a harder time leanullng nulllfare nullhan nullrticinullnts not facing these nullrriersnull looking for a nullnull getting a nullnull maintaining a nullnull getting nullomoted in their current nullnull or getting a raisenullnullck of access to childcare or cost of childcare might also make it harder to stay in school and comnullete an education nullogramnull

Unknown

41 Program Characteristics Anullrage caseload sinull of case managers in the nullogram Continuous nullrianulle nullrom FSS coordinator internullenull conducted in 200null nullgativenull Particinullnts might not get the nullrsonal attention they need if the case manager is trying to accommodate the needs of many other nullrticinullntsnull FSS coordinator enullects nullogram sinull to increase during the nenull year nullesnullo nullrianulle 1 nullProgram sinull is enullected to increase 0 nullProgram sinull is enullected to decrease or stay the same nullrom FSS coordinator internullenull conducted in 200null nulldeterminatenull nullnullnding on the anullilanulllity of resourcesnullthe effect of this nullrianulle could go in either directionnullnull the one handnullnullogram enullansion could indicate more staff and greater emnullasis and focus on the nullogramnullnull couldnullhonullnullrnullalso mean that the nullogram gets too nullg for current stafnullg and nullrticinullnts do not get the indinulldual attention they neednull nullet monthly nullth the case manager nullesnullo nullrianulle 1 nullnullet at least monthly 0 nullnullet less often nulluarterlynullannuallynull as needednull nullrom FSS coordinator internullenullnull Positivenull This nullrianulle measures the intensity of case management nullonullded to the nullogram nullrticinullntnullFrenullent meetings might indicate close and regular contact nullth the case managernullnullich could helnulladdress nullrticinullntsnullneeds in a timely mannernullnull is nullssinullenullhonullnullrnullthat case managers meet more often nullth nullrticinullnts nullo hanull greater neednull FSS nullogram sinull Continuous nullrianulle nullrom 2006 Pnull datanull nulldeterminatenull Consistency of case management might null greater in smaller nullogramsnullnullich could imnullonull chances of graduationnullnull the other handnulllarger nullograms might hanull more resources in terms or staff and fundingnull nullarianulle nullarianulle Specinullation and nullta Source Expected nullrection of nulllationship Tanulle nullnull Hynullthesinulld nullfects of FSS Particinullnt and Program Characteristics on nulladuation nullnullnullsuccessful nullit null of 2null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullParticipants who hanull completed at least null years of schooling are classinulld as high school graduates. null nulldependent nullarianulle Graduates null nullnullnull Exiters null nullnullnull Still Enrolled null nullnullnull Mean Mean Mean Tanulle nullnull nullscrinullinull Statistics for the nulldenullndent nullarianulles for the FSS Program nulladuatesnullnullitersnulland the Stillnullnrolled Particinullnts 1 Age at enrollment nullnull nullnull nullnull 2 nullnder nullemalenull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull null nullcome at enrollment nulln null00snull nullnull602 nullnullnullnull null6nullnull null Receinullng some income from TAnull at enrollment 1null6null 2null2null 2nullnull null nullnulloyed nullart time or full timenullat enrollment nullnullnull 6nullnull 6null2null 6 High school graduate nullnullnull 61nullnull 7nullnull 7 African American nullnullnull 6nullnull nullnullnull null nullmnullr of denullndents 2null 1null 2null null Particinullnt faced childcare nullrriers 2nullnull 1nullnull 10nullnull 10 Particinullnt faced transnullrtation nullrriers nullnull null1null 7nullnull 11 Particinullnt lacked nullnullskills 12nullnull 11nullnull null1null 12 Anullrage case manager caseload sinull in the nullogram nullSS coordinator internullenull 102null 112null 12nullnull 1null FSS nullogram sinull is enullected to increase nullSS coordinator internullenull nullnullnull nullnullnull 66nullnull 1null nullet monthly nullSS coordinator internullenull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull 1null FSS nullogram sinull null6null nullnullnull null6null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullistnullcase manager internullewsnullPnull0nulldata period. Of the nullnullparticipants nullo left the programnullnull graduatednulland null left nullthout completing their nullP. Of the participants from nullnullnull null nullre not included in the analysis because nullnullnulldiscontinued nullS. One participant nullo died during the tracnullng period nulls also dropped from the analysis. nullis chapter analynulls only nullnullparticipants. nullr participantnullevel variablesnullnotable differences enullsted in income at enrollmentnullemploymentnulleducationnulland barriers to childcare. nulladuates started the program nullth higher incomesnulla higher share nullre employed and graduated high schoolnulland a lonullr share faced childcare barriers at the start of the program. On averagenullgraduates nullre in programs nullth smaller caseload sinulls than enullters or stillnullnrolled participants.

42 nullnullMethodology of Competing nullsk nullnullrd nullalysis and Model nullsults nullis section presents a competing risnullhanullrd model that enullmines the relationship betnullen the linulllihood nullnd speednull of program graduation and various participant and program characteristics. null nullble null null presents the results for the competing risnullmodels: ƒ Column (1): Bivariate Associationsnullnullhis column shonulls the results of nullnull regression modelsnull each modeling graduanull tion as a function of a single participant or program characteristic. null addition to participant demographicsnullis the case managernull perception of lacnullof childcarenulltransportationnulland nullb snulllls or enullerience as barriers to program success. ƒ Column (2): Participant Characteristics Onlynullhis column shonull the results of a model nullth nullst the selected participant characteristics that nullre either significant or nearly significant nullt the nullnullercent level of significancenullin the bivariate models. null ƒ Column (3): Participant and Program Characteristicsnullhis column presents the results of a model nullth both the selected participant characteristics from the model in nulllumn nullnulland the program characteristics. null nulle sinull of the nullS program nulls enullluded in nullnull because this statistic nulls moderately correlated nullth caseload sinull. null nullis approach is a modified version of the nullnullproportional hanullrds regression model used for survival data. nulle competing risnull model also allonull us to tracnullthe outcomes for all the participants in the tracnullng studynullincluding the stillnullnrolled participants. null use the competing risnull hanullrd framenullrnullbecause null have tnull competing outcomesnullraduation and enullt. Stillnullnrolled participants are treated as censored because null have not yet observed a final outcome for them. nulle estimates nullre generated using the SnullRRnull command in Stata. nullis fits a manullmum linulllihoodnullcompetingnullisnull regression model follonullng the method of nullnenullnullnulland R. nullay. nullnull. null Proportional Hanullrds nulldel for the Subdistribution of a nullmpeting Risnullnull Journal of the nullerican Statistical nullsociation null: nullnullnullnull null nullble null presents the nullvalue of the estimated coefficient. nulle coefficients are not presented in the table. nullr ease of interpretationnulla transforma null tion of the coefficient is presented: nullvalue nullcoefficientnulltandard error. null nullne of characteristics nullre highly correlated nullth each other. nullrrelation coefficients nullre all less than or enullal to nullnull null nulle small sample sinull restricts the number of variables null can include in the model and still have sufficient degrees of freedom. nullnull nullvariate nullsociations nullodeling One Explanatory nullarianulle at a Timenull nullnull Participant Characteristics Only nullnull Participant and Program Characteristics Snull nullvalue Snull nullvalue Snull nullvalue Tanulle nullnull Sunullanullrd Ratios of the Coefnullient nulltimates in the Comnullting Risk nulldels Age at enrollment 0nullnull null0null1 null null null null nullnder nullemalenull 0null71 null1nullnull null null null null nullcome at enrollment nulln null00snull 1null21 1null7 1null0null 0null0null 1null07 0nullnull Receinullng some income from TAnull at enrollment 0nullnull null1nullnull null null null null nullnulloyed nullart time or full timenullat enrollment 1nullnull 1null16 1nullnull 1nullnull 1null1null 0nullnull High school graduate 2nullnullnull 1nullnull 1nullnullnull 1null6null 1null0null 1nullnull African American 0nullnull null0nullnull null null null null nullmnullr of denullndents 1null1null 0null1null null null null null Particinullnt faced childcare nullrriers 0null07 null1null2 0null00 null1null6 0null0null null1nullnull Particinullnt faced transnullrtation nullrriers 0nullnull null0null7 null null null null Particinullnt lacked nullnullskills 1nullnull 0null0null null null null null Anullrage case manager caseload sinull in the nullo null gram nullSS coordinator internullenull 0nullnull null1nullnull null null 1null00 null0null7 FSS nullogram sinull is enullected to increase nullSS coordinator internullenull 0nullnullnull null2null1 null null 0nullnull null1nullnull nullet monthly nullSS coordinator internullenull 1null12 0nullnull null null 1nullnull 0null2null FSS nullogram sinull 1null00 null0nullnull null null null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= subhanullrd ratio. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies. nullnullp null0.0null null p null0.0null nullp null0.null nullurcesnullnullnull0nullchecnullistnullPnull0nulldata

43 null additional model nulls analynulld using nullst the three program characteristics nullnullluding nullS program sinull in nullnullnull but these three characteristics nullre not individually or nullintly significant. One possible enulllanation for this lacnullof significance is that these program level characteristics are somenullat correlated. nullother possible enulllanation is that these characteristics do not vary enough across the null programs for us to detect a significant relationship betnullen these characteristics and graduation. nulle small regression sample sinull could also be a factor. nulle estimates of the regression coefficients are enullressed as subhanullrd ratios nullnullonentiated transformation of the regression coefficientnullbecause these ratios are easier to interpret than the coefficients themselves. nullplanatory variables nullith subhanullard ratio estimates larger than null.null imply a positive association nullith participant graduationnull tanulling into account the competing risnullof program enullt. nullriables nullth subhanullrd ratio estimates less than nullnullimply that these variables decrease the linulllihood of graduation controlling for other covariates in a multivariate regression model and because people can also enullt the program. nullr enullmplenullthe subhanullrd ratio for the high school graduate variable in the bivariate model is nullnull. nullis ratio indicates that the odds of nullS program graduation for a participant nullo nulls a high school graduate close to program enrollment are tnullce as high as those for someone nullo nulls not. nulle subhanullrd ratio of nullnullnull for the childcare barrier variable in the bivariate modelnullindicates that a participant nullth childcare barriers is nullnull.nullnull about null percent less linullly to graduate than a participant nullo does not face childcare barriers at program start. nullnullnullscussion of Findings nulle bivariate regressions in nullich only one enulllanatory variable is included at a time indicate that high school gradu null ation has a positive and significant association nullth program graduation. nullbivariate regressionnullnot controlling for any other program or participant characteristicsnullalso shonull that programs that enullected to increase the sinull of their nullS programs nullre less linullly to graduate participants. null program startnullother characteristics that nullre close to being significant nullt the nullnullercent level of significancenullin the bivariate models nullre incomenullemploymentnulland case manager reports of childcare barriers. Having a high school education or enullivalent before program entry significantly improves the chances of program graduation in a bivariate model. Participants nullth a high school diploma around the time of program enrollment are tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diploma or enullivalent. null the model that controls for other participant characteristicsnullthe coefficient on high school graduation is still significant at the nullnullercent level nullodel in nulllumn null. nulle obvious enulllanation is that employment prospects are greater for those nullo have completed high school. null additionnullcompleting a nullD after entering the program indicates a prolonged amount of time needed to graduate from the programnullnullich also delays escronullaccumulation. nullis delay in education is because participants nullre engaged in educational activities and either not nullrnullng or not nullrnullng fullnullime. nulle coefficient for high school education isnullhonullvernullnot significant nullen program characteristics are also added nullodel in nulllumn null. nulle coefficient for enullected increase in nullS program sinull is significant in the bivariate modelnullalthough it becomes less so nullen other program characteristics are included nullossibly because it is somenullat correlated nullth caseload sinullnull and is not significant nullen participant characteristics are also included. nulle significant coefficient in the bivariate model indicates that programs thatnullaccording to the nullnull nullS coordinator intervienullnullnullre enullected to gronull nullre null percent less linullly to graduate participants. null is possiblenullthat as nullS programs gronull the programs might face resource constraints and participants might not get the personal attention and time they need to graduate. nulle sinull and direction of the coefficients on childcare barriersnulleducationnulland enullected increase in nullS program sinull is more or less steady across the modelsnullbut as other enulllanatory variables are addednullthe statistical ponullr is insufficient to estimate the coefficients precisely. nullis chapter provides a simple enullloratory analysis to discover linnull betnullen the participant and program level factors measured in the study and the linulllihood of program graduation. nulle results are by no means definitivenullbut reveal associations betnullen nullS participant and program characteristics and nullS program success that could be enulllored through more rigorous methodologies.

44 Summary of Findings null nullntrolling for other participant characteristicsnullparticipants nullth a high school diploma around the time of program enrollment are about tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diploma. null null a bivariate modelnullthose programs that enullected to increase the sinull of their nullS programs nullre less linullly to graduate participants. nullis resultnullhonullvernulldoes not hold true nullen other program characteristics are added.

45 nullis study offers lessons about the program enulleriences and outcomes of a sample of participants in the nullmily Selfnull Sufficiency program. nulle insights from this study may help inform program operations as programs consider their ap null proaches to case management and refine strategies for addressing the needs of nullS participants. nulle study also provides hypotheses about the effects of nullS that could be tested to guide policy decisions about the program. nullis chapter highlights nully study conclusions regarding nullS escronullaccountsnulltracnullng group outcomesnullparticipant and program characteristics associated nullth graduation from nullSnullreasons for leaving nullSnulland the effects of case management. Escrow nulle opportunity to build savings through the escronullaccount is possibly the most ponullrful part of the nullS program. nulle study affirms that participants nullose earnings increase can accrue substantial savings through nullS. nulle study compared escronullsavings for three groups: participants nullo completed the program renullirements and graduated from nullS during the nullyear study periodnullthose nullo left nullS nullthout graduatingnullforfeiting any accumulated escronulld fundsnulland participants nullo nullre still enrolled in nullS nullen the study ended. Program graduates accumulated an average of nullnullnull in the escronullaccount during the nullyear study. nullis amount represents about null percent of the average household income for this group in the year they entered nullSnullepresenting a substantial savings accumulation in a relatively short period of time. nullarly onenullalf nullnullpercentnullof the other enullters in the study had positive escronullbalances nullen they left the programnull averaging nullnullnull. Of the enulltersnullnullhad abovenullverage escronullbalances nullen they left the programnullhe largest nulls nullnullnull. nullst participants nullnullpercentnullnullo nullre still enrolled in nullS nullen the study ended had also built savings through escronull nullese stillnullnrolled participants had an average of nullnullnull in the escronullaccount at the end of the study. nullalysis of the employmentnullearningsnulland progress in achieving nullS goals for this group indicates that more than onenullalf of these participants are on a path tonullrd continued gronullh in escronullfunds and eventual graduation from nullS. FSS Outcomes nullis study provides information on nullS attrition and the length of time participants typically spend in the program. nullong the nullnullparticipants in this studynull ƒ nullarly onenullourth nullnullpercentnullcompleted the program renullirements and graduated from nullSnulland four of them purchased homes. ƒ nullre than onenullhird nullnullpercentnullleft the program nullthout graduating. ƒ nullarly tnullnullfths nullnullpercentnullremained enrolled in the nullS program. nulle study also offers insight about honullprogram graduates differ from other enullters. nullmpared nullth other enulltersnull graduates of the nullS program had higher incomes nullen they enrolled and nullre more linullly to be employednullboth at enrollment and during their time in nullS. nulladuates also had more years of schooling and spent slightly longer in nullS than other enullters. null enullloratory multivariate analysis of graduation did not find any significant associations betnullen participant and program characteristics and graduation nullen controlling for both types of characteristics. nulle analysis did revealnull honullvernullthat in a model that included only participant characteristicsnullparticipants nullth a high school diploma around the time of program enrollment are about tnullce as linullly to graduate as those nullo do not have a high school diplomanullor enullivalent. null a bivariate model that does not control for any other program and participant characteristicsnullnullS pro null grams enullected to increase in sinulle nullere less linullely to graduate participants. nullhis resultnull honullevernull does not hold true nullhen other participant and program characteristics are added to the model. null additional model nulls used that included all

46 three program characteristics but nullre not individually or nullintly significant. null addition to being somenullat correlatednull these characteristics do not vary sufficiently across the null tracnullng study programs to detect a significant relationship betnullen these characteristics and graduation. nullasons for nullaving FSS Of participants in the studynullnull percent left nullS before completing the nullP. nullout onenullalf nullnullparticipantsnullof the participants nullo left nullre dropped from the program because they did not comply nullth nullS rules or lost their voucher assistancenullmostly for reasons linull violating Hnull rules or failing to communicate nullth the nullS case manager. nullong those nullo voluntarily left the programnullabout onenullhird nullnullparticipantsnullchose to leave because family and nullrnull obligations made it difficult to sustain contact nullth the case manager. Other participants left nullS nullen they movednulland one participant left the voucher program because her income increased nullen she got marriednullbefore completing the nullS contract. Understanding the reasons participants leave the program may offer opportunities for case managers to intervene to nullep vulnerable participants in the program. nullr enullmplenullit may be possible to encourage participants nullo nulluld othernullse leave because of nullrnulland family obligations to remain in the program and give them every opportunity to tanull advantage of the escronull nulldifying renullirements for case manager meetingsnullscheduling meetings at times that accommodate nullrnullschedulesnullor other approaches may be nullrth considering for these participants nullo nulluld benefit greatly from staying in nullS. Case Management nulle study also helps increase understanding about nullS case management. null most programsnullnullS case managers are PHnullstaff. nulley develop the nullSP and refer participants to providers to receive other supportive services. nulle case managers also often provide homeonullership counseling and financial literacy training. nulltogether null case managers nullrnulld nullth the participants in this study. nulle study highlights the stability of case management in nullS programs. nulle case managers nullre enulleriencednullnullth an average of nullyears tenure nullth nullS. nullst participants nullnullpercentnullhad the same case manager throughout the period of study. nulle average number of cases in a managernull caseload nulls null during the studynullnullth some as lonullas null and others as high as nullnull nullse managers typically met nullth participants at least nullarterlynullbut the frenullency of meetings declined as the number of cases per manager increased. nulle study also helps us understand more about honullthe nullS program nullrnull. null assessment of nullS program case management approaches did not reveal nullde variation in program models. nulle assessment did point to the stability of nullS over timenullhonullvernulleven absent a mandate from HUD to maintain an nullS program. null nulle study also shonull that nullS programs have some nullnullbility to respond to changing economic conditions. Some programs have shifted focus anully from immediate employment for nullS participants to education and training as the first step in nullSnullin response to nullrsening labor marnullt conditions. null summationnullthis study suggests that nullS offers the potential for substantial savings accrual for those nullo complete the program. Understanding honullprogram graduates differ from those nullo enulltnullmay suggest approaches that program administrators can tanull to target nullS services more effectively and encourage participants to remain in the program longer and accrue savings. null Only one agency in the tracnullng study discontinued operations during the evaluation time period.

47 nulle pronullct began in September nullnull. During the nullyears ending in December nullnullnullthe follonullng activities nullre conducted. ƒ Completed the research design phase of the study. nulle Research Design Report nulls completed in nullnull and con null tains a list of the research nullestions to be raised through the evaluationnullthe sampling strategynulland the representative sample of nullnullnullS programs. nulle Data nullllection and nullalysis Plan nulls submitted in nullnull. nullis report described all of the data to be collected in the study and honullthe data nullll be used to address the research nullestions. ƒ Developed data collection forms and protocols. null nullnullnullthe follonullng data collection instruments nullre developed: nullnullan intervienullguide to be administered to nullS coordinators in the sample of nullnullPHnull nullnullan intervienullguide for the annual discussions nullth case managers regarding nullS tracnullng group participants nullnullthe nullacnullng nullecnullist to be completed by case managers for each participant being tracnulld nullnullan informed consent form for tracnullng group participants and nullnulla nullestionnaire for the telephone intervienull nullth participants. Office of nullnagement and nulldget nullnullnullclearance for the evaluation nulls approved in nullne nullnull. ƒ Conducted interviews with FSS coordinators and reviewed FSS action plans for the nullnullPHnull. nullese intervienull provided information about a nullde range of design and operational features of nullS programs in the sampled PHnull. ƒ Selected 20 PHAs in which to conduct the tracking study. null late nullnullnullthe intensive study sites nullre selected from among the null PHnull that completed nullS coordinator intervienull. ƒ Provided training to FSS tracking site program liaisons. nullse managers nullre trained on participant enrollment procedures and collecting information needed for the tracnullng study in December nullnull. nulle training focused on procedures for obtaining informed consent of study participantsnullcompleting the nullacnullng nullecnullistnulland submitting information to the research team. ƒ Compiled the information collected from FSS coordinators into a database that allonull users to analynull program design and operational features and submitted the database along nullth the nullrst nullnual Report in nullnuary nullnull. ƒ Collected PIC data from HUD for FSS participants in the sample of 100 PHAs selected in Year 1 for FSS coordinator interviews. nullom nullnull to nullnull every nullnenulla Pnull enullract nulls obtained from HUDnull administrative data nullUD nullrm nullnullnull on all nullS participants in the sample of nullnullPHnull that nulls dranull initially for the study. nulle data on all participants in nullS nulls enullmined for demographic characteristics nullncomenullhousehold sinullnulland participation informationnullescronullaccountnulland program completion. nulldescriptive analysis nulls conducted of the characteristics of the consenting nullS tracnullng group families in the null PHnull. ƒ Data collection commenced in nullne nullnull. nulltnullen nullnull and nullnullnullduring the second nullarter of each yearnullthe sites nullre mailed nullacnullng nullecnullists to collect information about each participating family and to tracnullchanges in circumstances of families during the annual intervals betnullen the telephone intervienull nullth case managers. During the fourth nullarter of each yearnullintervienull nullre conducted nullth nullS case managers assigned to the sample families in the study to update the information collected via Pnull and the nullacnullng nullecnullists. ƒ Conducted site visits to the nullntgomery nulluntynullnullryland nullS program in December nullnullnullOrange nullunty and Riverside nulluntynullnulllifornia nullS programs in September nullnull and nullssoula nulluntynullnullntana in September nullnull. ƒ Conducted telephone interviews nullth null families chosen from among those being tracnulldnullin nullnull and nullfamilies in nullnull. ƒ Submitted four interim reports on each yearnull progress in nullnuary nullnullnullDecember nullnullnullnullnullnulland nullnull and the overall assessment in nulle nullnal Report of December nullnull.

48 Public and Indian Housing Information Center (PIC) system data nulls initially used to establish a database contain null ing demographic informationnullhousehold characteristicsnulland enrollment information for nullamily Selfnullufficiency nullSSnull families in nullnullpublic housing agencies selected nullth probability proportional to sinull of the Housing nulloice nulloucher program. null later yearsnullPnull enullracts nullre used to provide information about the nullnullnullS tracnullng study program participants nullnullprograms nullre selected initially and null remained in the studynull Pnull data nullre used in the study to provide information on household compositionnullincomenullincome sourcesnullvoucher assistance and nullS addendum data provided information on education attainmentnullservice needsnullenullt from nullSnulland escronullaccount balance. Tracking checklists (WAVE) nullre completed annually by nullS case managers assigned to document nullnulltracnullng group familiesnullprogress and outcomes. nulle first year checnullist collected information on service needsnullservices offered and receivednullinterim goalsnullreferrals to outside servicenullescronullaccount balancenulloccupation and nullb historynullsources of incomenullamount of earningsnulluse of income supports and assistancenulland barriers to participation. nulle checnullists used in subsenullent years gathered additional information on employment statusnullgoal achievementnullcase dispositionnulland length of time in nullS. Case manager interviews (CM) nullre conducted annually nullth each case manager assigned to the nullnulltracnullng fami null lies. nullese intervienull nullre done after the checnullists nullre received and revienulldnullto confirm and update information about the familynull progress in nullSnulltheir outcomesnulland barriersnulletc. nulle intervienull also provided information on the case managersnullbacnullroundnulllength of servicenullcaseload sinullnulland updates on nullS program operations nulloalsnullservices providednulland enrolleesnull local economic conditionsnulland program challenges. FSS coordinator interviews nullre conducted in nullnull nullth null nullS coordinators via telephone. nullcomplete documented data set for these intervienull nulls provided to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in nullnull. nulle intervienull provide information on nullS program goalsnullpoliciesnullservicesnulloperationsnullpartnershipsnullother nully charac null teristics and the contenull in nullich the program operates particularly the communitynull service netnullrnullnulland local labor marnullt conditions. Participant interviews nullre conducted tnullce nullth a small number of tracnullng group families to gather information on participantsnullprogressnullservices receivednullemployment enulleriences and attitudes tonullrd nullrnull plans for using escronull and opinions about the program. Site visits nullre conducted at four of the tracnullng sites. nulle purpose of the site visits nulls to learn more about the challenges and opportunities facing nullS program staffnullrevienullprocedures and effective practicesnulland the methods that services nullre provided to the target population.

49

nullnullMain Sites null Pnull Code Pnull nullme FSS Program Sinull nullnull Program Sinull nullterviewed nullcluded in Tracking Study nullpendix Cnull Samnulled PHAs and Renullacement Sitesnullnullear 1 null of null nullrtheast 1 CTnull1 Connecticut nullnullrtment of Social Sernullces nullnull null12null nulles null 2 null002 nullston Housing Authority 2null 10nullnull nulles null null null01null nullestnullook Housing Authority null 7null nulles null null nullnull1 nullnullHamnullhire Housing Finance Authority 16null null006 nulles null null null0null nullglenullod Housing Authority 21 null7 nulles null 6 null20null nulloucester Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null 7 nullnull2 nullnullnullrsey nullnullrtment of Community Affairs null2 17null60 nulles null null null00null nullnullnullork City Housing Authority 606 nullnullnull nulles nulles null null027 nullnullgo Housing Authority 11 null0 nulles null 10 null077 Tonull of nulllinullHousing Authority 66 1nullnull null null 11 null110 nullnullnullork City nullnullrtment of Housing Presernulltion and nullnulllonullent 1nullnull 1nullnull0 nulles null 12 null1null nullookhanulln nullnullrtment of HousingnullCommunity nullnulllonullent and nulltergonullrnmental Affairs null 7null nulles null 1null nullnull2 nullnullnullork State Housing Finance Agency null6 11null0null null null 1null nullnullnull nullnullnullork State Housing Finance Agency 1null1null 1nullnull0 null null 1null PA006 Allegheny County Housing Authority 112 nullnullnull nulles null 16 PA012 nullntgomery County Housing Authority 11null 2null71 null null 17 PA0null Altoona Housing Authority null null2 nulles null 1null Rnull0null nulloonsocket Housing Authority null null1 nulles null nullest 1 Anull01 City of PhoeninullHousing nullnullrtment 161 nullnullnull nulles null 2 Anull0null nullriconull County Housing Authority 6null 1null7null nulles null null CA001 San Francisco Housing Authority 1null 7null20 nulles null null CA002 nulls Angeles County Housing Authority 71null 16null26 nulles null null CA00null City of nulls Angeles Housing Authority 26null2null nullnullnull nulles null 6 CA006 City of Fresno Housing Authority nullnull 6null07 nulles nulles 7 CA011 County of Contra Costa Housing Authority 21null 6nullnull nulles nulles null CA01null San nullrnardino County Housing Authority 70null 7null07 null null null CA02null Housing Authority of the County of San nullanullin 201 null6null nulles null 10 CA02null County of Fresno Housing Authority 66null nullnullnull nulles nulles 11 CA0null San nullse Housing Authority 17null nullnullnull nulles null 12 CA0null Housing Authority of the County of Santa Clara 26null nullnullnull nulles null 1null CA07null Housing Authority of the City of nullnullrmore 2null 71null nulles null 1null CA0null Area Housing Authority of nullentura County 1null 2nullnull nulles null 1null CA0null nullange County Housing Authority null7 null16null nulles nulles 16 CA10null Anaheim Housing Authority 220 nullnull1 nulles null 17 CA10null San nullego County Housing Authority 1null null1null nulles null 1null CA116 nulltional City Housing Authority 26 1nullnull nulles null 1null Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing Authority null null7null nulles nulles 20 Cnullnull nullkenullod Housing Authority 6null 1null0null nulles null 21 Cnull11 Colorado nullnullsion of Housing 2null 1nullnull null null 22 null0null nullssoula Housing Authority null 71null nulles nulles 2null null002 City of nulls nullegas Housing Authority null1 null1null nulles null 2null null00null nullest nullalley Housing Authority 20 6null nulles null 2null null01null nullnnnullenton Housing Authority null 2null26 nulles null 26 null00null Housing Authority of the County of Salt nullke 1null 2null0null nulles null 27 nullA00null Housing Authority of the City of Tacoma 6null null266 nulles null 2null nullA0null Housing Authority of the City of Snullkane 2null nullnull7 nulles null

50 Midwest 1 null020 nulls nullines nullnicinulll Housing Authority 6null 2null2null nulles null 2 null126 nullstern nullnull Regional Housing Authority null 70null nulles null null null022 Rockford Housing Authority 12null 1null0null nulles nulles null null02null Housing Authority of Cook County 2null 11null00 nulles null null null017 nulldiananulllis Housing Agency 77null 7nullnull null null 6 null0null nullrion Housing Authority null null1 nulles null 7 null00null nullchita Housing Authority 1null 2null21 nulles nulles null nullnull1 nullchigan State Housing nullnulllonullent Authority nullnullnull 11null11 nulles null null null0null StnullCloud Housing and Redenulllonullent Authority 11 770 nulles null 10 null16null nulltronulllitan Council Housing and Redenulllonullent Authority 226 null6null nulles null 11 null002 Housing Authority of nullnsas City 262 7null1null nulles null 12 null00null Stnullnulluis County Housing Authority 17null 6nullnull nulles null 1null null20null StnullFrancois County Punullic Housing Agency 70 1nullnull nulles null 1null null001 Columnulls nulltronulllitan Housing Authority null1 null1null null null 1null null00null Cuyahoga nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 226 11null07 null null 16 null007 Akron nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 1null nullnull6 nulles nulles 17 null021 Snullingnullld nulltronulllitan Housing Authority null 1null10 nulles null 1null null0null Hamilton County Punullic Housing nullnull 2null01 nulles null South 1 Anull01 Housing Authority of nullrmingham nullstrict 2null null667 nulles nullesnull 2 AR00null Fort Smith Housing Authority 2null 1null77 nulles null null AR1null nullite Rinullr Regional Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null null Fnull0null nullaminullade Housing Authority nullnull 12nullnull nulles null null Fnull07 Housing Authority of nullytona nullach null 6null nulles nullesnull 6 Fnull20 Housing Authority of nullenullrd County 2null 1null7null nulles null 7 Fnull66 Hialeah Housing Authority 1null null111 nulles nullesnull null Fnull7null nullonullrd County Housing Authority null6 nullnullnull nulles null null null001 Housing Authority of the City of Augustanullnullorgia 172 2null6null nulles nullesnull 10 null2null Housing Authority of nullkalnullCounty 1null null01null nulles null 11 nullnull1 nullorgia nullnullrtment of Community Affairs 7null 1null06null nulles null 12 null001 nullnullnullleans Housing Authority nullnull 6nullnull nulles null 1null null002 Housing Authority of nullltimore City nullnull 12nullnull nulles null 1null null00null Housing nullnullrtunities Commission of nullntgomery Countynull nullryland null0 null177 nulles nulles 1null null021 Stnullnullrynulls County Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null 16 nullnull1 nullryland nullnullrtment of Housing and Community nullnulllonullent 2null 2null61 nulles null 17 null0null nullssissinulli Regional Housing Authority null 12null null2null null null 1null null00null Housing Authority of the City of Concord 2null nullnull nulles null 1null null022 nulleennulllle Housing Authority null 60null nulles null 20 null1null Sandhills Community Action Program nullcornullrated null nullnull nulles null 21 nullnull1 nulllahoma Housing Finance Agency null0 nullnullnull nulles null 22 SC002 Housing Authority of Columnulla null 2null0null null null 2null SC0null Charleston County Housing Redenulllonullent 1null 1null7null null null 2null Tnull01 Housing Authority of nullmnullis 1null nullnull2 null null 2null Tnull0null Tennessee Housing nullnulllonullent Agency 2null nullnullnull nulles null 26 Tnull0null Fort nullorth Housing Authority null1 nullnull0 null null 27 Tnull0null Houston Housing Authority 6null 1null7null nulles null 2null Tnull0null nullllas Housing Authority 1null2null 1null2null nulles null 2null Tnull12 nullytonull Housing Authority 2null 607 nulles null null Tnull2null Plano Housing Authority null nullnull nulles null null Tnullnull nullrland Housing Authority 1null 1null2null nulles null null Tnull72 Amarillo Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null null Tnull26 nullanulls nullalley Council of nullnullrnments 20null 1nullnull nulles nullesnull null nullA00null Alenullndria Redenulllonullent and Housing Authority null 1null1null null null null nullA017 Hamnullon Redenulllonullent and Housing Authority null 2null7null nulles null null nullAnull1 nullirginia Housing nullnulllonullent Authority 2null nullnullnull nulles null nullnullMain Sites null Pnull Code Pnull nullme FSS Program Sinull nullnull Program Sinull nullterviewed nullcluded in Tracking Study nullpendix Cnull Samnulled PHAs and Renullacement Sitesnullnullear 1 null of null

51 null nullplacement Sites null Pnull Code Pnull nullme FSS Program Sinull nullnull Program Sinull nullterviewed nullcluded in Tracking Study nullpendix Cnull Samnulled PHAs and Renullacement Sitesnullnullear 1 null of null nullrtheast 1 CT001 nullidgenullrt Housing Authority 67 2null62 nulles null 2 null01null nulldford Housing Authority 12 null0 null null null null0null nullaintree Housing Authority 20 null6 nulles null null PA071 nullrks County Housing Authority 1null 6null nulles null Midwest 1 null1null nullndall County Housing Authority 1null 160 null null 2 null07null nulland Ranullds Housing Commission null0 2nullnull nulles nulles null null001 nullaha Housing Authority 1null null662 null null null null00null Cincinnati nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 70null 6nullnull nulles nulles null null1null nullaukesha Housing Authority 10null 7null nulles null South 1 Anullnull Housing Authority of nullcatur 120 700 nulles null 2 Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing Authority 2null null6null nulles nulles null Fnullnull City of Pensacola Section null null 2nullnull nulles null null null121 Pike County Housing Authority 7null nullnull null null null null1null Pinenullllenullell County Housing Authority null null7 null null 6 null01null nullfferson Parish Housing Authority 1null 2nullnull nulles null 7 null001 nulllmington Housing Authority 107 1null72 nulles nullesnull null null002 nulllahoma City Housing Authority 7null nullnullnull null null null Tnull0null nulltronulllitan nullnulllonullent and Housing Agency nullashnullllenull 1null nullnullnull null null 10 null00null Huntington nullest nullirginia Housing Authority null 1nullnull null null nullest 1 CA007 Sacramento Housing and Redenulllonullent Agency 1null nullnullnull nulles null 2 CA027 Rinullrside County Housing Authority 6null 7nullnull nulles nulles null CA0null County of nulltte Housing Authority null 1nullnull nulles null null CA06null Fairnullld Housing Authority null nullnull nulles null null CA06null nullng nullach Housing Authority nullnull nullnull2 nulles null 6 Hnull01 Hanullii Housing Authority and Community nullnulllonullent 1null null616 null null 7 null0null Santa Fe County Housing Authority 21 2null null null null nullA0null Housing Authority of Snohomish County null 2null11 null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = Housing nulloice nullucher. PHA = public housing authority. nullnullopped out. nullurcesnull2002 Pnull datanullnullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment pronulles

52

Pnull Pnull nullme nullear FSS Program nullgan nullmnullr of FSS Participants nullmnullr of FSS Coordinators nullmnullr of Case Managers Services nullvailanulle to FSS Participants null Either Pnull Staff or nullferral to Outside Service Providers Services Provided to FSS Participants null Pnull Staff nullpendix null FSS Program Tenure and Sernullces nullferednullTracking Sites null of 2null CA006null CA02null City of Fresno Housing Authority 1nullnull 1null7null null 10 Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counseling nulls nullssesnullloans for car renullirsnull reimnullrsements for nulloks and tuitionnullhomenully null ers assistancenulland emnulloymentnullelated nullrkshonull CA011 County of Contra Costa Housing Authority 1nullnull 1null 1 null Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome onullershinullassistnull ancenullother nullanull assistancenull Translation sernullces CA027 Rinullrside County Housing Authority 1nullnull 60null null 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance Reimnullrsement for nulloksnulltuitionnulland nullnulltrainingnullrenulllnull null ing loan nullogram CA0null nullange County Housing Authority 1nullnull nullnull 2 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnullloymentnull nullersonal nulllfarenullcounselingnull homeonullershinull assistance nulls nullssesnullloans for car renullirnull reimnullrsement for childcarenullnulloksnull tuitionnulland clothing for nullnullinternullenull Cnull01 nullnnullr Housing Authority 1nullnull 12null 2 1 Childcarenulleducationnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance Assistance to nulld nullancial aid andnull or scholarshinull for educationnullnullnull search and resume nullenullrationnullnullrk null shonullfor credit renullir Fnull01 nullcksonnulllle Housing Authority 1nullnull 2null null 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance Assistance nullth nully null ment tonullrd educa null tionnullnullnulltrainingnull and sunullortinull sernullces null022 Rockford Housing Authority 1null2 1null 1 null Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull homeonullershinull assistance nulls nullsses and transnullrtation to nullnull life skillsnulland comnullter classesnull reimnullrsement for nulloksnulltuitionnulland uniformsnullnullnullclunullnull nullnullsearchnulland resume nullenullration classesnullhomenully null ers assistance

53 Pnull Pnull nullme nullear FSS Program nullgan nullmnullr of FSS Participants nullmnullr of FSS Coordinators nullmnullr of Case Managers Services nullvailanulle to FSS Participants null Either Pnull Staff or nullferral to Outside Service Providers Services Provided to FSS Participants null Pnull Staff nullpendix null FSS Program Tenure and Sernullces nullferednullTracking Sites null of 2null null00null nullchita Housing Authority 1null2 2null 2 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counseling nullor nullinulls and food to increase nullrticinulltion in nullrtnernullronullded nullrkshonullnullcounsel null ing in escronullcredit and homenullyer readiness null00null Housing nullnullrtunities Commission of nullntgomery Countynull nullryland 1nullnull null6 null null Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance nulls tokensnulldis null count car loansnullnullnull searchnullemnulloyment nullrkshonullnullhouse null hold skillsnulland counseling sernullces null07null nulland Ranullds Housing Commission 1null2 nullnull 2 2 Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance Homeonullershinull counseling null0null nullssoula Housing Authority 1null1 1null 1 2 Childcarenulleducationnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance nullnulloymentnullelated sernullcesnullnullrkshonull in assets for indenull nullndence null00null nullnullnullork City Housing Authority 1nullnull null1 null null Childcarenulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfare Household skills sernullces null00null Cincinnati nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 1null2 1null12 nullnull null Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull emnulloyment sernullcesnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance nullorkshonull on nutri null tionnullresume nullenullr null ationnullemnulloymentnull and homeonullershinull null007 Akron nulltronulllitan Housing Authority 1nullnull 1null null 1 Childcarenulltransnullr null tationnulleducationnull nullrsonal nulllfarenull counselingnullhome null onullershinullassistance nullssing nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullnull= nullneral nulluinulllency nullploma. PHA = public housing authority. nullurcesnullnullnullcoordinator internullewnullcase manager internullewsnullsite nullsits nullissoulanullnullntananullnullntgomery nulluntynullnullrylandnullnullange nulluntynullnulllifornianulland nullnullrside nulluntynull nulllifornianull Pnull0nulldata

Pnull nullde Pnull Name PInullnull nullAnull0null PInullnull null0null nullAnull0null PInullnull null0null nullAnull0null PInullnull null0null PInull9 nullAnull09 null09 Appendix Enull FSS Participant nullunt null Site and nullta Sourcenull200null09 nullnull participantsnull null00null nulltnullof Fresno nullusing Authoritnull 1 20 1null 20 20 19 20 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null null011 nulluntnullof nullntra nullsta nullusing Authoritnull 3 null null null null null null null null null null 3 3 null02null nullnullrside nulluntnullnullusing Authoritnull 0 3 2 0 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 null09null nullange nulluntnullnullusing Authoritnull 13 20 19 20 20 19 20 19 20 19 19 1null 1null null001 nullnnullr nullusing Authoritnull null 12 11 12 12 12 12 null 10 null 3 3 3 FL001 nullcnullonnulllle nullusing Authoritnull 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null null 1null null null null null null022 nullcnullord nullusing Authoritnull null 11 11 11 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 null null null00null nullchita nullusing Authoritnull 9 20 19 20 1null 19 20 11 1null 11 10 null null Mnull0null nullusing nullportunities nullmmission of Montgomernull nulluntnullnullMarnulland 19 20 1null 20 20 1null 20 12 1null 12 12 11 11 Mnullnull nulland nullpids nullusing nullmmission 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Mnull33 Missoula nullusing Authoritnull null 9 null 9 null null 9 null null null null null null null00null nullnullYornullnulltnullnullusing Authoritnull 1null 20 1null 1null 20 19 20 1null 1null 1null 1null 11 11 null00null nullncinnati Metropolitan nullusing Authoritnull 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 null null null null null null null00null Anullon Metropolitan nullusing Authoritnull null 10 null 10 10 10 10 null 9 null null null null nullotal 109 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 1null 12null 1null 12null 119 9null 9null FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull. Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, nullnull8, and nullnull9 danullnullWAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnullnullnull06, null07, null08, and null09 innullrnullenull 54

Unknown

55 FSS Enrollment nullte null null Tanulle Fnull nullrollment nullte for FSS Study Particinullnts nullfore 200null null null nullnuarynullarch 200null 2 1 Anullilnullune 200null 1null null nulllynullenullemnullr 200null null 22 nulltonullrnullecemnullr 200null null null nullnuarynullarch 2006 null 1null Anullilnullune 2006 null 2 Total 1null 100 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullnullanull0nullchecnullist nullta Source null Mean Median Tanulle Fnull nullcome for FSS Tracking nullounull Pnull0null 10null nullnull2null nullnull1null Pnull06 1null null6nullnull nullnullnullnull Pnull07 17null nullnull0null null6null71 Pnull0null 1null null0null0null null0null1null Pnull0null 11null null0null6null null6null67 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Employment Status nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null null null null null null null null Tanulle Fnull nullnulloyment Status of Stillnullnrolled FSS ParticinullntsnullCase nullnager nullternullenull Full time null null null null 2null null null null Part time null 70 1null 20 1null 21 12 1null nullt emnulloyed 16 null 22 null 2null null 2null null nullssing 12 null 0 null 0 null 0 null Total 66 100 66 100 66 100 66 100 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull Tanullle Fnullnull Changes in nullscronull Account nullalances for FSS Particinullants nullith Positinulle nullscronulls as of Senulltemnuller 200null nulln 200nullnullllarsnull Anullrage escronullaccount nulllance nullnull nullnull7null nullnullnull nullnull16 nullmnullr of nullonulle nullth nullsitinull escronullnulllances 26 null null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull Tanullle Fnullnull Annual Household nullncome for nullmnullloyment and nullscronull nullrounulls for Actinulle FSS Particinullants nullin 200null nullollarsnull nullstly emnulloyed null nullnullnullnull nullnullnull7 nullnull210 nullstly unemnulloyed 2null null1null7null nullnullnull6 null0null21 Escrow nulllance nullro escronull 10 nullnull7null nullnullnull0 nullnullnull7 Positinull escronull null null0null1null null1nullnull null0null77 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews

56 Characteristic Pnullnull null nullnullnull Pnullnull null nullnullnull Pnullnull null nullnullnull null % null % null % Tanulle Fnull Characteristics of Stillnullnrolled FSS Particinullnts as of Senullemnullr 200null nullusehold Sinull 1 2 null 2 null null null 2 12 21 16 2null 16 2null nullnull null null null null null null nullor more 12 21 1null 22 1null 2null nullmnullr of nullears of Schooling Completed nullss than 12 null 16 null 1null 11 17 12 2null null 26 null 2null null 1null1null 1null null 22 null 22 null 16null null null null 6 null null nullssing null 7 null 6 null 6 nullmnullr of nullpendents 0 2 null 2 null null null 1 1null 26 1null 2null 16 2null 2 21 null 20 null 21 null nullnull 16 2null 1null 2null 1null 2null nullor more null 7 null null 6 null Total Monthly Tenant Payment for nullnt nullnullnull00 17 2null 17 26 20 null null00null00 null null 2null null 20 null null01null00 null 16 12 1null 12 1null null01nullnull00 1 2 11 17 11 17 null1null01 1 2 1 2 2 null Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter. nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the Pnull enullract from Hnull. Household sinull—nullt. nullears of schooling—null7hnullnull nullta on this nullriable are missing for null percent of the sample in the Pnull0nullenullract so that cell is left blannullin the table. nullmber of nullpendents—nullnullTotal Tenant Payment—nullnull nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata nullverage nullnual nullcome null nullnull nullnull nullnull Tanulle Fnull Anullrage Annual Household nullcomenullnull nullnulloyment and nullcronullnullounull nulln 200nullnullllarsnull nullstly emnulloyednullnullro escronull 2 nullnull02null null0null61 nullnull660 nullstly unemnulloyednullnullro escronull null nullnullnull nullnull2null nullnullnull nullstly emnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull null nullnull76null null2nullnull nullnull212 nullstly unemnulloyednullnullsitinull escronull 1null nullnull12null nullnull7null null1null6null nullurcesnullnull0null null07nullnull0null and null0nullinternullews

57 nullmnullr of nullears of Schooling Completed Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Mostly Employed Mostly nullemployed Mostly Employed Mostly nullemployed Mostly Employed Mostly nullemployed null % null % null % null % null % null % Tanullle Fnullnull nullducation Status of nullostly nullmnullloyed nullrounull nullsnull the nullostly nullnemnullloyed nullrounull nullActinulle FSS Particinullantsnull null2 years null 1null null 21 null 12 null 20 null 1null 6 2null 12 years 17 null 7 null 1null null 7 null 16 null 7 null 1null1nullyears 11 null 7 null 1null null null null 16 null 6 2null 16nullyears 2 6 1 null null 7 1 null null null 2 10 Total null 100 1null 100 null 100 20 100 null 100 21 100 nullssing 2 null 2 10 2 null 2 null 2 null 2 null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter. nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the Pnull enullract from Hnull. nullployment status— null7hnullnull nullars of schooling—null7hnullnull nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull07nullPnull0null and Pnull0nulldata Percentile Escrow nullount in nullnull nullnull Percentile Escrow nullount in nullnullnullnull Tanulle Fnullnull nullstrinulltion of nullcronullAmount for FSS Particinullnts nullth Positinull nullcronullnulllances as of nulltonullr 200nullnull nullnullnull nullnimum 1 10th 160 20th nullnull nullth null7 nullth 1nullnull nullth nullediannull 2null0null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullnull0nullinternullew Type of income Pnullnull nullnullnullnull Pnullnull nullnullnullnull Pnullnull nullnullnullnull Pnullnull nullnullnullnull null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null % Tanulle Fnull Sources of nullcome for Actinull FSS Particinullnts nullrned income nullmnulloymentnull 2null 6null null 6null null 66 null 67 null 6null null 67 null 6null null 62 Child sunullort 1null null 22 null 1null null 2null null null 0 22 null null 0 2null null nullemnulloyment insurance 2 6 null 6 null 7 null 6 null 0 null null null 0 null null SSnull 2 6 null null null null 2 null null 6 null null 6 null null null SSnull 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 null 0 0 2 null SS Retirement 2 6 1 2 2 null 2 null null null 2 null null null 2 null Prinullte Pension 2 6 1 2 2 null 1 2 1 2 2 null 1 2 1 2 nullher 1null null null 1null null null null null null null 7 11 null null null null Other income Supports TAnull nullsing null7hnullnull 1 null 17 26 16 2null 1null 21 1null 22 12 1null 11 17 6 null TAnull nullsing nullnull null 11 null 0 1null 2null null 0 26 null null 0 20 null null 0 nullneral assistance nullsing null7hnullnull 0 0 6 null null null 1 2 null null null 6 null null 1 2 nullneral assistance nullsing nullnull null 11 null 0 12 21 null 0 null 0 null 0 null 0 null 0 Food stamnullnullnenulls 2 6 null null null null null null null null 26 null null null null null nulldicaidnullhildrennulls health insurance nullogram 2 6 2null null null 62 null null null null null null null null 2null null nullTC 1 null 20 null 17 2null 2null null 2null null 27 null 2null null 2null null nullTnull= nullrned nullcome Tanullnulledit. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnullnull = null.null. nullepartment of Housing and nullrban nullenullelopment. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullnformation nullenter. null = nullcial nullcurity. nullnullnullnull = nullocial nullecurity nullisability nullnsurance. nullnullnull = nullupplemental nullecurity nullncome. TAnull = Temporary Assistance for nulledy nullmilies . nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the Pnull enullract from Hnull. nullrned income nullmploymentnullnullb. nullild support—nullb. nullemployment nullsurance—nullb. nullnullnullb. nullnull—nulli. null nulltirement—nullb. Prinullte Pension—nullb. nullher —nullb. TAnull nullcome Assistance—null7hnullnull nullb. nullneral Assistance—null7hnullnull nullb. nullod nullamps—null7hnullnull nulldicaidnullhildrennulls Health nullsurance Program—null7hnullnull nullTnullnull7hnullnull nullurcesnullnullAnull0null nullAnull07nullnullAnull0null and nullAnull0nullchecnullistsnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata 60th null2null 70th nullnullnull nullth null7null nullth nullnullnull nullnullmum 17nullnull

nullnulle of nullrvice nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09 Numnullr nullth nullrvice Need Numnullr nullceiving nullrvice Percent nullceiving nullrvice Numnullr nullth nullrvice Need Numnullr nullceiving nullrvice Percent nullceiving nullrvice Numnullr nullth nullrvice Need Numnullr nullceiving nullrvice Percent nullceiving nullrvice Numnullr nullth nullrvice Need Numnullr nullceiving nullrvice Percent nullceiving nullrvice nullanulle nullnull Sernullce nullceipt nullmpared nullth Sernullce nulleds of Participantsnullnull Year of FSS Participation null nullnullnull nullildcare null null null 12 12 100 1null 1null null 1null 13 93 nullransportation 10 null null 11 10 91 11 null null 1null 1null 9null Education 3null 20 null 32 2null null 3null 32 null 3null 30 null Emplonullent 33 1null null 2null 23 null 31 2null 90 32 2null null Personal nulllfare 1null 9 null null null null 1null 13 93 10 null null nullusehold snulllls and management 32 1null null 20 19 9null 2null 2null null 32 29 91 nullunseling null 22 null 3null 29 null 3null 2null null null 3null null nullher 19 null 3null 2 2 100 null null null null null 100 FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull Milestone or Achievement nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09 Numnullr nullth nullrvice Need Numnullr nullceiving nullrvice Percent nullceiving nullrvice Numnullr nullth nullrvice Need Numnullr nullceiving nullrvice Percent nullceiving nullrvice Numnullr nullth nullrvice Need Numnullr nullceiving nullrvice Percent nullceiving nullrvice nullanulle null2null Attainment of nullterim Milestones Enroll in an education and training program? 20 12 null 3null 1null null 32 1null null nullmplete an education and training program? 10 9 90 2null 13 null 29 1null null nulltain emplonullent? 1null 12 null 33 1null null 30 22 null Monull to a higher panullng or othernullse nulltter nullnull null null null 23 11 null 19 12 null Meet a nullnullretention goal? 20 1null null 2null 9 33 2null 1null null Adnullnce in a nullnullnullromotion to a nenullpositionnull 2 2 100 null 3 3null null 3 3null nullceinull a panullraise? 1null 10 null 19 11 null 1null 10 null Sources: From nullnull-nullin WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnullnullnull08 and null09 innullrnullenull

nullro Escronull Positive Escronull nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09 nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull0null nullAnull09 N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % nullanulle nullnull Potential for Program Success null Escronullnulloupnullnullse Manager Perception Enullellent 2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20 1null 2null 9 1null 1null 2null 1null 32 nullernullgood 3 30 3 30 3 30 2 20 19 3null 1null 29 13 23 10 1null nullod 3 30 2 20 1 10 2 20 1null 32 21 3null 1null 30 1null 29 Fair 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 2 null 1null null 9 null 13 Poor 0 0 2 20 3 30 3 30 0 0 2 null null 11 null 9 Missing 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 null null 0 0 1 2 0 0 Sources: WAVE06, WAVE07, WAVE08, and WAVE09 cnullcnullisnull 58

59 null Escrow nulllance null Escrow nulllance null Escrow nulllance null Escrow nulllance null Escrow nulllance Tanulle Fnullnull Positinull nullcronullnulllance for FSS nulladuates nulln 200nullnullllarsnull 1 nullnull 2 nullnull null nullnull null nullnull null null1null 6 nullnull 7 null2null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. nullurcenullnull0nullinternullew null null62 null nullnullnull 10 nullnullnull 11 nullnullnull 12 nullnull2null 1null nullnull0null 1null nullnull12 1null nullnull7null 16 nullnull1null 17 nullnull16 1null nullnull11 1null nullnull71 20 nullnullnull 21 nullnull2null 22 nullnull77 2null nullnullnull 2null nullnull1null 2null nullnullnull 26 nullnullnull 27 nullnull77 2null null1null20 2null null1null7null null null1nullnull null nullnull2null null nullnullnull0 null nullnull1null null nullnullnullnull null null0nullnull

60

nullis appendinulltabulates information from the Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter nullnullnullsystem for the nullnull sites that comprised the representative sample and the null tracnullng study sites. nullthough only null sites nullre included in the final reportnullthese data are presented for the full null. nullbles labeled nullnullare for the representative sample. nullbles labeled nullnullare for the tracnullng study. nulle data tabulated in each table correspond to nulluestion numbers in the HUDnullnullnullnullnullnull and variable names in the nullune nullnullnullnull Pnullnull enulltract from HUD. Pnullnull nullverage Pnullnull nullverage Pnullnull nullverage Pnullnull nullverage Tanulle Gnullnull nullmogranullic Characteristics of FSS ParticinullntsnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs Age null years nullnull years nullnull nullnull Household sinull nullnull nullnull null2 null2 nullmnullr of children 2 2 2 2 nullnual nullcome null % null % null % null % nullnull000 null761 16 null1null 1null nullnull0 1null null01null 1null nullnull00null10null00 6null1null 2null 6null26 22 6nullnull 21 nullnullnull 20 null0null01null20null00 nullnullnull null nullnull7 null nullnullnull null null7null null null0null01nullnullnull00 nullnull6 1null nullnull0 20 nullnullnull 1null 6null6null 21 nullnullnull0 2nullnull null 2null7null 10 nullnullnull 1null null772 1null Total 2nullnull6 100 26nullnull 100 2null7null 100 2nullnullnull 100 Anullrage annual income nullnull67null nullnullnull0 null6nullnull null6nullnull Employment Status null % null % null % null % Full time null71null null nullnull0 null 6nullnull null null627 null Part time null2null 17 nullnull1 17 nullnullnull 22 nullnullnull 21 nullt emnulloyed 10null2null null nullnull1 null nullnull1 null null2null null Total 2null62null 100 22nullnull 100 20nullnull 100 2nullnull6 100 nullssing nullnullnull null1null null700 null6null Education nullears of schoolingnull null % null % null % null % nullss than high school null12 yearsnull 10nullnull null 10nullnull null 11null1null null 12nullnull null High school graduate null2 yearsnull 10nullnull null nullnull0 null 6nullnull 2null nullnullnull null Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull null27null 16 null7null 1null null106 1null nullnull2 1null College graduate null6nullyearsnull 627 2 nullnull 2 nullnull 2 6null 2 Total 26null0null 100 2null76null 100 21null0null 100 26nullnull 100 nullssing 2null6null 2null77 2null0null 2nullnull nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nulltesnullAge—nullf. Household sinull—nullt. nullmber of children—nullnull Annual income—nulli. nullployment status—null7hnull nullucation—null7hnull

61 Pnullnull nullverage Pnullnull nullverage Pnullnull nullverage Pnullnull nullverage Tanulle Gnullnull nullmogranullic Characteristics of FSS ParticinullntsnullTracking Site PHAs Age nulln yearsnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull Household sinull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullmnullr of children 2null 2null 2null 2null nullnual nullcome null % null % null % null % nullnull000 null761 16 null1null 1null nullnull0 1null null01null 1null nullnull00null10null00 6null1null 2null 6null26 22 6nullnull 21 nullnullnull 20 null0null01null20null00 nullnullnull null nullnull7 null nullnullnull null null7null null null0null01nullnullnull00 nullnull6 1null nullnull0 20 nullnullnull 1null 6null6null 21 nullnullnull00 2nullnull null 2null7null 10 nullnullnull 1null null772 1null Total 2nullnull6 100 26nullnull 100 2null7null 100 2nullnullnull 100 Anullrage annual income nullnullnullnull nullnull10null nullnullnullnull null6nullnull Employment Status null % null % null % null % Full time nullnullnull null 2null00 null 2nullnull null 2nullnull null Part time 2nullnull 22 1null02 1null 1nullnull 20 1null26 1null nullt emnulloyed nullnull0 null 2nullnull null 2null02 null 2nullnull null Total 10null0null 100 null2null 100 nullnull2 100 nullnull0 100 nullssing 6null 1nullnull 1null17 1null07 Education nullears of schoolingnull null % null % null % null % nullss than high school null12 yearsnull nullnull0 null 2null27 null 2nullnull null null0null null High school graduate null2 yearsnull null6null null 2null17 null 2nullnull null 2nullnull null Some college nullnull1nullyearsnull 2nullnull 20 nullnull 1null null2 1null null6 1null College graduate null6nullyearsnull null6 null 17null null 1null null 1null null Total 10nullnull 100 6nullnull 100 6nullnull 100 6null67 100 nullssing 0 7null null2 null0 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nulltesnullAge—nullf. Household sinull—nullt. nullmber of children—nullnull Annual income—nulli. nullployment status—null7hnull nullucation—null7hnull nullport Type Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull nullport Type Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnts null Renullrt TynullnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnts null Renullrt TynullnullTracking Site PHAs nullrollment nullnullnull null07null null066 null7null Progress 1null1null 1null1null 16null62 1null00null nullit null1null nullnullnull nullnullnull 6nullnull Contract comnulleted 7null 1nullnull 1null6null 1null0null Contract not comnulleted 2nullnull null2null null02null null72null null FSS addendum 2nullnull 2nullnull 2null06 2nullnull Total 2nullnull6 26nullnull 2nullnull2 2nullnullnull nullrollment null7 null1 1nullnull nullnull Progress null6null null66null nullnullnull null7null nullit 1nullnull 1nullnull 1nullnull 1null2null Contract comnulleted nullnull null6 nullnull null7 Contract not comnulleted 2null 1null01 1nullnull 1null76 null FSS addendum 0 7null null2 null0 Total 10nullnull 6nullnull 6nullnull 6null27 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nulltesnullProgram enullt—null7b. nullntract completednullot completed—null7mnull nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nulltesnullProgram enullt—null7b. nullntract completednullot completed—null7mnull

62 nullason for Program Exit Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull null % null % null % null % nullason for Program Exit Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull null % null % null % null % Tanulle Gnullnull Reasons for FSS Program nullitnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs Tanulle Gnullnull Reasons for FSS Program nullitnullTracking Site PHAs nulladuation nullomnulletion of Cnullnull 7null 26 1nullnull 2null 1null6null 2null 1null0null 2null nullnulld to homeonullershinull 1null 2null a 2null 20 a 26null 17 a 2null 1null a nullit nullthout comnulleting Cnull 2nullnull 7null null null2null 72 null null02null 72 null null72null 72 null Anulleft nullluntarily 71null 2null nullnull 1null nullnull 1null nullnull 1null nullasked to leanull nullnull 2null 1nullnull 2null 1null2null null 1null7null 2null Cnullortanulllity monull out 66 2 12null null 1null null 1null 2 nullleft nullcause sernullce nulls unanullilanulle null null null 1 null 1 null 1 nullcontract enullired nullt did not fulnulll onulligation nullnull 1null 1nullnull 2null 1nullnull 2null 1nullnull 2null Total numnullr of exit reports null1null 100 nullnullnull 100 nullnullnull 100 6nullnull 100 nulladuation nullomnulletion of Cnullnull 2null 2null null null6 2null null nullnull 2null null null7 2null null nullnulld to homeonullershinull 6null 22 a 7null 22 a 70 17 a 72 1null a nullit nullthout comnulleting Cnull nullnull 7null null 1null01 76 null 1nullnull 7null null 1null76 7null null A nulleft nullluntarily 2null 26 nullnull 22 267 16 null2 17 nullnullsked to leanull nullnull null null2 26 nullnull null 661 null C nullortanulllity monull out null 1 null 1 17 1 2null 1 nullnulleft nullcause sernullce nulls unanullilanulle 17 2 1null 1 20 1 1null 1 nullnullontract enullired nullt did not fulnulll onulligation 1null 17 nullnull 26 null1 21 null0 20 Total numnullr of exit reports 1nullnull 100 1nullnull 100 1nullnull 100 1null2null 100 nullP = contract of participation. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. PHA = public housing authority. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter. a Percent of graduates. b Percent of enullt reports. nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the nullne 200nullPnull enullract from Hnull. Program enullt—null7b. nullnulld to homeownership—null7m2. nullason for leanullng—null7mnull nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata nullP = contract of participation. nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. Hnull = nullnull nullpartment of Housing and nullban nullnulllopment. PHA = public housing authority. Pnull = Public and nulldian Housing nullformation nullnter. a Percent of graduates. b Percent of enullt reports. nulltesnullThe data tabulated in this table correspond to the following nullestion numbers in the Hnullnull00null and nullriable names in the nullne 200nullPnull enullract from Hnull. Program enullt—null7b. nullnulld to homeownership—null7m2. nullason for leanullng—null7mnull nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata

63 Pnullnull Pnullnull Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null % Pnullnull Pnullnull Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null % Pnullnull Pnullnull Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null % Pnullnull Pnullnull Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported Full Time Part Time nullt Employed Status nullt nullported null % null % null % null % null % null % null % null % Tanulle Gnullnull Renullrted nullnulloyment Status of FSS ParticinullntsnullRenullesentatinull Samnulle of PHAs Tanulle Gnullnull Renullrted nullnulloyment Status of FSS ParticinullntsnullTracking Site PHAs nullnullenrollee 1nullnull null null1 11 2null6null null 1 null 1null0null null 6null 1null 2nullnull null 1 null Progress 6nullnull null null62null 20 7nullnull null 2 null 6nullnull null 2nullnull 1null nullnull6 null 0 null nullitnullontract comnulleted 607 76 null 11 null 11 16 2 null7 6null 1null 1null 1null 16 2 null nullitnullontract not comnulleted 2null 12 117 null null6 20 1nullnull 62 2null null 1null null 770 2null 2null7null 6null

nullnullenrollee 1nullnull null nullnull 17 2null10 null 0 0 1nullnull null nullnull 20 2nullnull null 0 0 Progress 6nullnull null nullnull7 21 nullnullnull null 0 0 6null7null null nullnullnull null nullnull0 22 0 0 nullitnullontract comnulleted 1null1null 6null 27null 17 276 1null 2 null 1nullnull 6null null6 20 nullnull 17 1 null nullitnullontract not comnulleted nullnull null 11null null null6 21 2nullnull 67 7null 16 2null 6 1null6null 2null 2null1 null nullnullenrollee null1 null 1null 17 null0 null null 0 nullnull null 162 1null nullnull null null 0 Progress 1null7null null null2 22 1nullnull null null 0 1nullnull null nullnull 22 1nullnull null null 0 nullitnullontract comnulleted nullnull 7null null 11 null 10 null 0 nullnull 77 null 1null null 11 null 0 nullitnullontract not comnulleted null null 2null 2 2null 20 nullnull 7null 1null 11 null 6 null7 null 6null null null FSS addendum null 0 null 0 null 0 null2 null null 0 null 0 null 0 null0 null nullnullenrollee 2null null 20null 21 nullnull null 0 0 270 2null 1null 16 nullnull null null 0 Progress 2null2null null 1null2null 22 nullnullnull null 0 0 1null06 null 7null 21 1null76 null null 0 nullitnullontract comnulleted 2null 2null null null 1null 2 null6 67 2null null null 12 2null 7 null 0 nullitnullontract not comnulleted null 17 6null 22 null null null null null null null null 267 2null 7null 6null null FSS addendum null null null null null null null null null 0 null 0 null 0 7null null nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata

64 nullnual nullcome Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median nullnual nullcome Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull Pnullnull null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median null Mean Median Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnt nullcomenullRenullesentatinull Samnulle Tanulle Gnullnull FSS Particinullnt nullcomenullTracking Site PHAs At nullogram entry nullnullnull nullnull107 null1nullnull null07null nullnull7null null2null1null null066 nullnull0null null2nullnull null7null nullnullnull7 nullnull1null Progress renullrt 1null1null nullnull726 null2null1null 1null1null nullnullnull2 nullnull2null 16null62 null7null12 nullnullnull2 1null00null null7nullnull nullnullnull0 Program enulltnullcontract not comnulleted 2nullnull null2nullnull nullnull20 null2null nullnullnull6 null1null1null null02null nullnull7null null1null0null null72null nullnull6null null2null0null Program enulltnullcontract comnulleted 7null nullnullnullnull null2null1null 1nullnull nullnull2null null2null70 1null6null nullnull26null null1nullnull 1null0null nullnull2null nullnullnull2 At nullogram entry null7 nullnull7null null2nullnull null1 nullnull200 null1null0null 10null nullnullnullnull null1null16 nullnull nullnullnull6 null1null2null Progress renullrt null6null nullnullnullnull nullnullnull2 null66null null6nullnull nullnullnull0 nullnullnull null7null2null nullnullnullnull null7null null7nullnull nullnull0null Program enulltnullcontract not comnulleted nullnull nullnull10null null0null70 1null01 null2null72 null1null76 1nullnull nullnullnull0 null0nullnull 1null76 nullnullnull0 null1nullnull Program enulltnullcontract comnulleted 2null nullnullnullnull nullnull07null null6 nullnullnull1 nullnullnullnull nullnull nullnullnullnull nullnull262 null7 nullnullnull7 nullnullnull0 nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nulltenullAnnual income—nulli. nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata nullnull= nullmily nulllfnullufnulliency. PHA = public housing authority. nulltenullAnnual income—nulli. nullurcesnullPnull0null Pnull0null Pnull07nulland Pnull0nulldata

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull PInullnull PInullnull At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit N % N % N % N % N % N % nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullent and nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullpresentatinull Sample null of 2null nullAnull income assistance null9 13 3null30 20 1null null 90null 1null 2nullnull 1null null3 10 Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance Program 1null92 39 nullnull0 null nullnull 1null 1nullnull 39 nullnullnull null 1nullnull 2null nullneral assistance 2null null null3 null 12null null 3null null null1 null 122 3 Earned income tanullcredit null1 12 2null1null 1null 3null 11 null9 10 2nullnull 1null null1 9 Food stamps 1null3null null null2null null 3null 12 2nullnull null null3null null 92null 20 Notenullnullese categories are not mutuallnullexclusive null200 1null93 31 nullnullnull 30 1nullnull 3null 1nullnull 33 nullnull9 32 1null1null 33 null001nullnull0 2nullnull null nullnullnull null 1nullnull 3null 2null30 null null2null null 1null1null 3null null01nullnull0 nullnull 1null 2null32 1null nullnull 1null null9 1null 2null92 1null nullnull 1null null01null1null00 33null null 1null1null null 2null 9 33null null 1nullnull null nullnull 9 null1null00 null 2 3null 2 9null 3 101 2 3null 2 12null 3 nullotal nullnull3 100 1null9null 100 3nullnull 100 null0null 100 1null1null 100 nullnull9 100 Missing null 1null null 2null 212 1null Average nullenant Panullent nullnull null02 nullnull null23 nullnull null1null nullnull null90 nullnull null2null nullnull null2null null200 393 null 1nullnull 11 nullnull 1null nullnull 10 1nullnull 12 null9 20 null00nullnull0 1null2null 2null nullnull2 32 9null 31 1nullnull 31 nullnull2 32 1null2null 3null null01nullnull0 1null23 2null nullnull0 2null null2 23 1null1null 22 3nullnull 2null 1null10 23 null01null1null00 1nullnull 29 3null02 22 nullnull 21 1nullnull 2null 3nullnull 22 null9 1null null1null00 null9 1null 1null30 11 232 null null0 12 1null3null 10 2null null nullotal nullnull3 100 1nullnull 99 3nullnull 9null null0null 100 1null939 100 null39null 100 Missing null 1null null 2null 212 1null Average nullusing Assistance Panullent nullnull null3null null90 nullnull null2null null20 null12 nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median 65

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull PInullnull PInullnull At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit N % N % N % N % N % N % nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullent and nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullpresentatinull Sample null of 2null nullAnull income assistance null1 1null 2null9null 1null 31null null null0 1null 2nullnull 1null 21null 3 Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance Program 1null19 3null nullnullnull null 1nullnull 21 1null13 3null null0null null 1null0null 23 nullneral assistance null2 9 1nullnull 9 9null 2 3null null 1null93 9 110 2 Earned income tanullcredit nullnull9 null 2null93 1null null1 null nullnull 12 2null90 1null null9 11 Food stamps 2null23 null nullnull9 null 920 1null 1null19 3null null1null null 1null09 19 Notenullnullese categories are not mutuallnullexclusive null200 1null13 3null nullnull2 29 1nullnull 31 1null9null 31 nullnull0 30 1null0null 29 null00nullnull0 2nullnull null null3null 39 2nullnull 39 2null29 null nullnullnull 3null 2null12 3null null01nullnull0 nullnull 1null 2nullnull 1null 903 1null null1 1null 2nullnull 1null 1null9null 1null null01null1null00 3null null 1null3null 10 nullnull 10 3null null 1nullnull 10 null2 12 null1null00 12null 3 null9 3 1null 3 13null 3 null1 null 2null null nullotal null0null 100 1null1null 100 nullnullnull 100 nullnullnull 100 1null009 100 nullnull2 100 Missing null 2null 2null null 2null 2null Average nullenant Panullent nullnull nullnull null9null nullnull nullnull null30 nullnull null0null null03 nullnull null0null nullnull null200 null0 9 1nullnull 12 1null19 19 null1 9 1nullnull 11 1null09 1null null00nullnull0 1null2null 2null nullnullnull 31 1nullnull 33 1nullnull 2null null3null 30 1nullnull 31 null01nullnull0 1nullnull 21 3nullnull 2null 1null19 23 9null 21 3null2null 2null 1nullnull 23 null01null1null00 1null3null 29 3null1null 22 9null 1null 1null0null 2null 3null11 22 1nullnull 20 null1null00 nullnull 1null 1null9null 11 3null null null0 1null 1nullnull 13 nullnull 10 nullotal null01null 100 1null909 100 null3null 100 nullnull1 100 1nullnullnull 100 null2null 100 Missing null 2null 2null null 2null 2null Average nullusing Assistance Panullent nullnull nullnull null92 nullnull null03 nullnull nullnull null3null null12 nullnull nullnull null2null nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullAnull = nullemnullrary Assisnullnce for nulledy Families. Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull 66

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull PInullnull PInullnull At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit N % N % N % N % N % N % nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullentnulland nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls null of 2null nullAnull income assistance 1null 1null 1nullnull 23 null null 3null 39 nullnull 20 210 1null Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance Program null2 null null2null null 1null 1null null0 null 2000 null 3null 2null nullneral assistance 10null 11 33null null null null null null 292 null null null Earned income tanullcredit 2null 2null 2null32 2null 1null 1null 1null 1null 99null 2null 1null 12 Food stamps null3 null nullnullnull null 10null 9 null1 null 1nullnull null 2null 19 Notenullnullese categories are not mutuallnullexclusive null200 39null null 2null0null 33 3null 33 3null null 11null 32 null0 3null null00nullnull0 null0 null 3null3null null nullnull 3null 3null 39 1null9 null null3 3null null01nullnull0 10null 11 1nullnull 1null 213 19 10null 12 null3 1null 2null 1null null01null1null00 null null null0 null 101 9 null null 2null null 11null null null1null00 21 2 1null 2 3null 3 1null 2 101 3 3null 2 nullotal 99null 100 nullnull0 100 1null32 100 931 100 3null3 100 1nullnull 100 Average nullenant Panullent null13 nullnull nullnull null1null nullnull null30 null2null nullnull nullnull null2null nullnull null13 null200 null null 1null1null 12 23null 21 2null null 19null 1null 133 1null null00nullnull0 33null 3null 2nullnull 33 3null 3null 231 null null0 null 29null null null01nullnull0 313 31 2null02 2null 31null 2null null 1null 229 21 1null 2null null01null1null00 13null 1null 1nullnull 1null 1null 1null null 11 132 12 10null 1null null1null00 129 13 9null 11 33 3 11 3 2null 2 10 1 nullotal 99null 100 nullnullnull 100 112null 100 3null 100 10null 100 null3 100 Missing 3 12 null nullnull 2null1 nullnull Average nullusing Assistance Panullent null93 null3null nullnull null3null nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null3null null3null nullnull nullnull nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median 67

Assistance nullceived null nullmilnull PInullnull PInullnull At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit At Program Entrnull Progress nullport At Program Exit N % N % N % N % N % N % nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participantsnullnullceipt of Punullic Assistancenullnullotal nullenant Panullentnulland nullusing Assistance Panullentnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls null of 2null nullAnull income assistance 3null 3null 9null 2null null null 19null 22 null0 2null null null Medicaidnullhildrennulls nullalth nullsurance Program null0 null 210null null 2null 1null 3null null 190null null null3 31 nullneral assistance null null 31null null 30 2 null null 3null 10 null 3 Earned income tanullcredit 1null 1null 10null 29 1null 10 1null 19 9null 2null 399 22 Food stamps null1 null 1nullnull null 1null 11 null3 null 1null2 null nullnull 22 Notenullnullese categories are not mutuallnullexclusive null200 393 3null 11null 30 nullnull 3null 3null 39 1091 29 nullnull 3null null00nullnull0 nullnull null 1nullnull 39 nullnull 3null 3null null 1nullnull 39 null9 3null null01nullnull0 12null 12 nullnull 1null 2null 1null 11null 13 null0 1null 2null 1null null01null1null00 null null 3null 10 1null 9 null null 3null 10 211 12 null1null00 1null 1 123 3 null 3 10 1 132 null null 3 nullotal 10null 100 3nullnull 100 1null2 100 nullnull 100 3null9 100 1null3 100 Average nullenant Panullent null19 nullnull null93 nullnull nullnull null0null null1null nullnull null99 nullnull nullnull null2null null200 30 null 13null 1null 1null 1null 30 9 9null 12 1null 1null null00nullnull0 13null 3null 29null 3null 3null 39 110 33 303 3null 320 1null null01nullnull0 null 21 192 2null 230 2null null 1null 229 29 21null 2null null01null1null00 90 2null 12null 1null 1null 1null 9null 29 130 1null 1null 19 null1null00 3null 10 2null 3 2null 3 39 12 3null null null null nullotal 3null 100 nullnull 100 9null 100 331 100 nullnull 100 null9 100 Missing nullnull 302null null9 nullnull 29null 92null Average nullusing Assistance Panullent nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull null1null null9null null11 null00 null0null nullnull nullotal nullenant Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % nullusing Assistance Panullent N % N % N % N % N % N % Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull. nullAnull = nullemnullrary Assisnullnce for nulledy Families. Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull 68

nullnulle of nullrvice PInullnull PInullnull Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Yes No Missing Yes No Missing nullnulle of nullrvice PInullnull PInullnull Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Yes No Missing Yes No Missing nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participants nullported as nulleding Sernullces and nulleds Met null FSSnullnullpresentatinull Sample nullildcare sernullces 1null23 null1 null1 1 1nullnull null2 null0 20 Educationnullraining null 2null 2null 0 22 9 13 0 nullnull 1null10 nullnull nullnull 0 nullnull 222 nullnull 0 nullmeonullership counseling 3nullnull 1null32 1null1null 13 2nullnull 9null 1nullnull 3null nullgh school 22null null 1null 0 3null null 29 1 nullalth sernullces nullnull 2null null3 1 119 null null 2 nulldinulldual denulllopment account nullnull 199 nullnull 1 2null 9 1null 0 nullnullretention 1nullnull null0 null0 null 3null 12null 2null 0 nullnullsearchnullonullplacement 3null90 1null90 1null9null null null0 1null 2null 0 Mentoring 1nullnull nullnull null0 1 1null null 12 0 Post secondarnull 1nullnull nullnull 1nullnull null 10null 23 null 2 nullransportation 1nullnull null0 null1 1 20 null 13 0 nullocationalnullonulltraining 2null3null 1nullnull 1nullnull 3 null 1null null 2 nullotal service needs reported 1null21null null01null 10nullnull 33 nullnullnull 2nullnull 3nullnull null nullildcare sernullces 1nullnull nullnull null9 20 1null12 3null nullnull 2null Educationnullraining null 20 23 2 null 10 29 3 nullnull 9null 2null nullnull null nullnull 1null null1 12 nullmeonullership counseling 3null13 1null3null 2null19 null 3null0null nullnull 2null2null null nullgh school 19 null 11 1 23 null 1null 0 nullalth sernullces 1null 101 null null 1null 9null null null nulldinulldual denulllopment account 3null null 2null 0 30 null 2null 0 nullnullretention null0 1null 31null null null1 nullnull 30null null nullnullsearchnullonullplacement 3null 1null 19null 1null nullnull 1null 2null null Mentoring null 31 1null 0 12null null null 2 Post secondarnull 9null 2null null 1 110 3null null 0 nullransportation 12null 10 11null 0 null 10 null 0 nullocationalnullonulltraining null 31 null 0 null 10 30 0 nullotal service needs reported nullnull2 2nullnull nullnull2 11null nullnullnull 2null1null null39null 12null FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullnull= nullneral Enullinulllency nullnulloma. Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull 69

nullnulle of nullrvice PInullnull PInullnull Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Yes No Missing Yes No Missing nullnulle of nullrvice PInullnull PInullnull Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Numnullr nullporting Need for nullrvice nullrvice Needs Met nullrough nullnullProgram Yes No Missing Yes No Missing nullanulle Gnullnull FSS Participants nullported as nulleding Sernullces and nulleds Met null FSSnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls nullildcare sernullces 2null 1null 131 0 2null 11null 13null null Educationnullraining 1null 1null 2 0 null null 2 0 nullnull 201 null 113 0 19null null 12null 1 nullmeonullership counseling 9null null0 null3 null null9 299 nullnull 3 nullgh school 29 null 2null 0 null 1 null 0 nullalth sernullces 2null 122 11null 0 32 20 11 1 nulldinulldual denulllopment account 32null null 2null 0 null null 3 0 nullnullretention nullnull 301 19null 1 null 3null null 0 nullnullsearchnullonullplacement nullnull 39null 3null 2 null null 33 0 Mentoring null3 2null 31null 1 null 3 3 0 Post secondarnull null1 2null 22null 0 3null 10 2null 0 nullransportation 202 9null 10null 0 null 1 3 0 nullocationalnullonulltraining nullnull 323 322 2 1null null 11 0 nullotal service needs reported null231 2nullnull 2nullnull 10 1nullnull null9 92null 12 nullildcare sernullces null2 1null 3null 1null nullnull 1null 2null 23 Educationnullraining 2null 1null 9 1 1null null null 3 nullnull 32null null 23null null 302 92 202 null nullmeonullership counseling 1nullnull 332 1null00 1null 1nullnull 23null nullnull 2null nullgh school null 2 null 0 10 null null 0 nullalth sernullces null null 19 null null null 19 null nulldinulldual denulllopment account 9 1 null 0 null 1 null 0 nullnullretention 91 32 null null 9null null null null nullnullsearchnullonullplacement 10null null null 1null 10null null null null Mentoring 2null 20 null 0 null null 13 2 Post secondarnull null 23 20 1 null 20 2null 0 nullransportation 10 null null 0 11 null null 0 nullocationalnullonulltraining 2null 1null 9 0 13 null null 0 nullotal service needs reported 2nullnull nullnull 1nullnull null 2null23 nullnull 1null0null null FSS = Family Self-Sufficiency. nullnull= nullneral Enullinulllency nullnulloma. nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull. Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull 70

PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull EscronullAccount nulllance nullsnullrsed Amount Positive Escronull Account nulllance Positive nullsnullrsed Amount Positive Escronull Account nulllance Positive nullsnullrsed Amount Positive Escronull Account nulllance Positive nullsnullrsed Amount Including nullros Positive Including nullros Positive Progress nullport nullmnullr 1null131 9null1null 1null131 null3 nullnull9 nullnull 9nullnull nullnull null3null null2 Mean nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull nullnullnull nullnull32 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull2null Median nullnull nullnullnull null null0null nullnull21 nullnull nullnullnull nullnull31 nullnull3null nullnull0null Program Exit nullntract not completed nullmnullr 2null31 nullnull 2null31 null nullnull 10null nullnull 12null 9null null Mean nullnull nullnullnull nullnull nullnull10 nullnullnull nullnull02 nullnull01 nullnull22 nullnull2null nullnullnull Median null nullnullnull null nullnullnull nullnullnull null39 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull10 nullntract completed nullmnullr null9 312 null9 3null null2 null9 null0 nullnull null0 9null Mean nullnull1null nullnullnull nullnull12 nullnullnull nullnull0null nullnull09 nullnull32 nullnullnull nullnull23 nullnullnull Median null nullnull1null null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull9null nullnull31 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull do nonullinclude nullro nulllances or nullro disnullrsemennull. nullnull= nullS. nullnullrnullennullof nullusinnulland nullnulln nullnulllonullennull nullnull= nullnullic and nulldian nullusinnullnullformanullon nullnnullr sysnullm. nullnulls: nulle danull nullnulllanulld in nullis nullnulle corresnullnd null nulle follonullnnullnullesnullon numnullrs in nulle nullnullnull0null and nullrianulle names in nulle nullnullenullracnull from nullnull nullonullam nullnull nullnnully, nullonulless, enullnullnullnull7null nullnnullacnullcomnullenulldnullonull comnullenulldnullnull7mnullnull Escronullnulllancenullnull7nullnull. nullsnullrsed amounnullnullnullnullnull. Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull nullanulle Gnullnull EscronullAccount and nullterim nullsnullrsementsnullnullpresentatinull Sample 71

PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull PInullnull EscronullAccount nulllance nullsnullrsed Amount Positive Escronull Account nulllance Positive nullsnullrsed Amount Positive Escronull Account nulllance Positive nullsnullrsed Amount Positive Escronull Account nulllance Positive nullsnullrsed Amount Including nullros Positive Including nullros Positive Progress nullport nullmnullr null3null null311 nullnull0 nullnull 1null92 12null 1null92 113 1null13 11null Mean nullnull32 nullnullnull nullnull nullnull93 nullnull3null nullnull22 nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull Median null nullnull20 null null90 nullnull30 nullnull nullnullnull null9null nullnull0null null09 Program Exit nullntract not completed nullmnullr null9 21null null9 22 1null 2null 201 29 29null 23 Mean nullnull nullnull9null nullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull3null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull0null nullnullnull Median null nullnull33 null nullnull nullnull01 nullnull nullnull2null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull00 nullntract completed nullmnullr 2null 11null 2null 133 null 9null 13null 11null 191 13null Mean nullnull02 nullnullnull nullnull3null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull00 nullnull2null nullnull2null nullnullnull Median null nullnullnull null nullnullnull nullnullnull nullnull30 nullnull1null nullnullnull nullnull39 nullnullnull nullanulle Gnullnull EscronullAccount and nullterim nullsnullrsementsnullnullracnullng Site Pnulls nullnull= nullS. nullnullrnullennullof nullusinnulland nullnulln nullnulllonullennull nullA = nullnullic nullusinnullaunullorinull. nullnull= nullnullic and nulldian nullusinnullnullformanullon nullnnullr. nullnullnull do nonullinclude nullro nulllances or nullro disnullrsemennull. nullnulls: nulle danull nullnulllanulld in nullis nullnulle corresnullnd null nulle follonullnnullnullesnullon numnullrs in nulle nullnullnull0null and nullrianulle names in nulle nullnullenullracnull from nullnull nullonullam nullnull nullnnully, nullonulless, enullnullnullnull7null nullnnullacnullcomnullenulldnullonull comnullenulldnullnull7mnullnull Escronullnulllancenullnull7nullnull. nullsnullrsed amounnullnullnullnullnull. Sources: nullnullnull nullnull6, nullnull7, and nullnull8 danull 72