Policymakers have adopted a variety of approaches to promote homeownership in the U.S., including the special rights and privileges given to the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. This study examines the underserved market performance of the GSEs since new affordable housing goals were adopted in 2000. Their performance is compared with that of the primary market, the rest of the secondary market, and to each other. How well they meet their affordable housing goals is evaluated to see how effectively all members of underserved markets are reached, or whether the focus is on the least underserved. The analysis also examines the extent to which GSEs deal with primary and secondary market entities, and the effects of GSE leadership and influence on the primary market.